Reardish: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name=Reardish | |name=Reardish | ||
|nativename='' | |nativename=''Reoððisco'' | ||
|pronunciation={{IPA|reo̯ð.ðis.ko}} | |pronunciation={{IPA|reo̯ð.ðis.ko}} | ||
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|wfosøra]] | |creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|wfosøra]] | ||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
|ancestor1=Proto-Indo-European | |ancestor1=Proto-Indo-European | ||
|ancestor2=Proto-Germanic | |ancestor2=Proto-Germanic | ||
|ancestor3= | |ancestor3=Archaic Reardish (Or "Proto-Reardish") | ||
|ethnicity=Reardish people | |ethnicity=Reardish people | ||
|region=England (Spread throughout, especially in southern England) | |region=England (Spread throughout, especially in southern England) | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
{{Reardish topics}} | {{Reardish topics}} | ||
'''Reardish''' ([[w:endonym|Autonym]]: '' | '''Reardish''' ([[w:endonym|Autonym]]: ''Reoððisco''; <small>Reardish: [[w:IPA chart|[reo̯ð.ðis.ko]]]</small>) is a [[w:Germanic language|Germanic language]] spoken throughout Britain, with its native population mostly centered around southern to middle England. | ||
Though a descendant of Proto-Germanic, it developed alongside Old English, leading it to experience many of the same sound changes, though it lacks several that would allow it a closer classification, it cannot even be considered [[w:West Germanic|West Germanic]]. As such, it must be placed in its own branch, typically one called ''Reardic''.{{efn|It is unclear whether Reardic as a family is valid due to the early form still largely being intelligible with the modern language, thus leading most linguists to simply place Reardish as a divergent descendant of Proto-Germanic, rather than giving it a specific familial classification.}} | |||
Today, Reardish is typically written in the Latin alphabet, | Today, Reardish is typically written in the Latin alphabet, using the Insular script, the alphabet is near-identical to that of [[w:Old English Latin alphabet|Old English]]. In many artistic works, and quite often in elders, [[w:Anglo-Frisian runes|Anglo-Frisian runes]] are still used. Efforts to reinstate runes have been successful, leading to nearly all government issued writings (letters, signs, documents, etc) being offered in both scripts. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
'' | ''Reoððisco'', a compound of ''{{term|rāþþo}}'' and ''{{term|-isco}}'', roughly means "pertaining to language", though ''-isco'', the feminine singular of ''{{term|-isċ}}'', is largely used to mean 'of our people', which often replaces ''{{term|þēodisċ}}'', understanding this leads to the meaning "The language of our people", or more simply, "Our language". | ||
''Reardish'', the English name, is a cognate based borrowing, with ''reard'' being the direct English cognate to ''rāþþo'' (the root of '' | ''Reardish'', the English name, is a cognate based borrowing, with ''reard'' being the direct English cognate to ''rāþþo'' (the root of ''reoðð'' in the native name) | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{Main|History of Reardish}} | |||
Reardish can be roughly split into three stages, those being ''Archaic Reardish''{{efn|Also called Proto-Reardish, or, informally, Pseudo-West Germanic}}, ''Anglic-Reardish''{{efn|This stage has several names, none of which are considered standard, most linguists will default to ''Middle Reardish''. ''Anglic-Reardish'' will be used here due to its parallel development to Old English}}, and ''Modern Reardish''{{efn|Many, especially English-speaking peoples distanced from the Reardish-speaking population, may call this ''Pseudo-Anglo-Saxon'' or ''Pseudo-Old-English'', these terms are rejected in academic circles by scholars of history and linguists alike due to the language's, and the people's, unique history and development, as well as the potentially demeaning undertones of such terms implying that they and their language are simply "fake English"}}. Modern Reardish is largely mutually intelligible with Old English, as well as Proto-Germanic. The intelligibility between Modern Reardish and Proto-Germanic is not one of ease, though it is not to the extent of Modern English to Old English, as the understanding does exist even without study, but it takes far higher effort and time for a Modern Reardish speaker to understand Proto-Germanic, the largely intact grammar system lending itself to this understanding being possible. | |||
==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
===Mercian=== | |||
===Northumbrian=== | |||
===Saxon=== | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
{{Main|Reardish phonology}} | |||
Stress lies on the first syllable unless a stressed prefix is added, in which case the stress stays with the root word and the prefix is given secondary stress. | Stress lies on the first syllable unless a stressed prefix is added, in which case the stress stays with the root word and the prefix is given secondary stress. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
| Line 137: | Line 145: | ||
{{Main|Reardish grammar}} | {{Main|Reardish grammar}} | ||
Nouns decline for five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental. (A sixth case, the vocative, is highly contentious.); three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter; and two numbers | Nouns decline for five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental. (A sixth case, the vocative, is highly contentious.); three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter; and two numbers: singular, and plural (Reardish has a fully in tact duel declension, but it is only in pronouns and verbs). | ||
Pronouns decline largely the same as nouns, except for having a duel in the first and second persons. The plural third person pronouns have been entirely leveled, so the masculine, feminine, and neuter third person plurals decline identically, though a formal "Archaic masculine" is retained, and has been shifting to have the usage of a formal third person plural. In casual speech, this "Archaic masculine" is instead used as | Pronouns decline largely the same as nouns, except for having a duel in the first and second persons. The plural third person pronouns have been entirely leveled, so the masculine, feminine, and neuter third person plurals decline identically, though a formal "Archaic masculine" is retained, and has been shifting to have the usage of a formal third person plural.{{efn|In casual speech, this "Archaic masculine" is instead used as an inanimate pronoun, effectively shifting it to an animacy distinction.}} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
| Line 154: | Line 162: | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
* [[Reardish/Swadesh|Swadesh]] | * [[Reardish/Swadesh|Swadesh]] | ||
* [[Reardish/Phrasebook|Phrases]] | * [[Reardish/Phrasebook|Phrases]] | ||
* [[:Category:Reardish lemmas|lemmas]] | * [[:Category:Reardish lemmas|lemmas]] | ||
==See also== | |||
[[Reardic creole]] | |||
[[Category:Reardish]] | [[Category:Reardish]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:35, 8 May 2025
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
| Reardish | |
|---|---|
| Reoððisco | |
| Pronunciation | [reo̯ð.ðis.ko] |
| Created by | wfosøra |
| Ethnicity | Reardish people |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Proto-Indo-European
|
| ConWorkShop | HDS |
| Part of a series on |
| Reardish |
|---|
Reardish (Autonym: Reoððisco; Reardish: [reo̯ð.ðis.ko]) is a Germanic language spoken throughout Britain, with its native population mostly centered around southern to middle England.
Though a descendant of Proto-Germanic, it developed alongside Old English, leading it to experience many of the same sound changes, though it lacks several that would allow it a closer classification, it cannot even be considered West Germanic. As such, it must be placed in its own branch, typically one called Reardic.[a]
Today, Reardish is typically written in the Latin alphabet, using the Insular script, the alphabet is near-identical to that of Old English. In many artistic works, and quite often in elders, Anglo-Frisian runes are still used. Efforts to reinstate runes have been successful, leading to nearly all government issued writings (letters, signs, documents, etc) being offered in both scripts.
Etymology
Reoððisco, a compound of rāþþo and -isco, roughly means "pertaining to language", though -isco, the feminine singular of -isċ, is largely used to mean 'of our people', which often replaces þēodisċ, understanding this leads to the meaning "The language of our people", or more simply, "Our language".
Reardish, the English name, is a cognate based borrowing, with reard being the direct English cognate to rāþþo (the root of reoðð in the native name)
History
Reardish can be roughly split into three stages, those being Archaic Reardish[b], Anglic-Reardish[c], and Modern Reardish[d]. Modern Reardish is largely mutually intelligible with Old English, as well as Proto-Germanic. The intelligibility between Modern Reardish and Proto-Germanic is not one of ease, though it is not to the extent of Modern English to Old English, as the understanding does exist even without study, but it takes far higher effort and time for a Modern Reardish speaker to understand Proto-Germanic, the largely intact grammar system lending itself to this understanding being possible.
Dialects
Mercian
Northumbrian
Saxon
Phonology
Stress lies on the first syllable unless a stressed prefix is added, in which case the stress stays with the root word and the prefix is given secondary stress.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | alveolar | palatal | velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | (n̥) n | (ŋ) | ||
| Stop | p b | t d | k (g) | ||
| Fricative | f (v) | θ (ð) | s (z) | ʃ | x ɣ |
| Affricate | tʃ dʒ | ||||
| Approximant | (ʍ) w | (l̥) l | j | ||
| Trill | (r̥) r |
Vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i(ː) | y(ː) | u(ː) | |
| Mid | e(ː) | ø(ː) | o(ː) | |
| Open | æ(ː) | ɑ(ː) | ||
Diphthongs
| First element |
Short (monomoraic) |
Long (bimoraic) |
Spelling |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i͝y | i͞y | ie, īe |
| Mid | e͝o | e͞o | eo, ēo |
| Low | æ͝ɑ | æ͞ɑ | ea, ēa |
Grammar
Nouns decline for five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental. (A sixth case, the vocative, is highly contentious.); three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter; and two numbers: singular, and plural (Reardish has a fully in tact duel declension, but it is only in pronouns and verbs).
Pronouns decline largely the same as nouns, except for having a duel in the first and second persons. The plural third person pronouns have been entirely leveled, so the masculine, feminine, and neuter third person plurals decline identically, though a formal "Archaic masculine" is retained, and has been shifting to have the usage of a formal third person plural.[e]
Verbs
Adjectives and Determiners
Adverbs
Numbers
Syntax
Reardish word order is mostly free, it has a base SOV order, but the language's Inflectional system allow the order to be freer.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Orthography
Example texts
Notes
- ^ It is unclear whether Reardic as a family is valid due to the early form still largely being intelligible with the modern language, thus leading most linguists to simply place Reardish as a divergent descendant of Proto-Germanic, rather than giving it a specific familial classification.
- ^ Also called Proto-Reardish, or, informally, Pseudo-West Germanic
- ^ This stage has several names, none of which are considered standard, most linguists will default to Middle Reardish. Anglic-Reardish will be used here due to its parallel development to Old English
- ^ Many, especially English-speaking peoples distanced from the Reardish-speaking population, may call this Pseudo-Anglo-Saxon or Pseudo-Old-English, these terms are rejected in academic circles by scholars of history and linguists alike due to the language's, and the people's, unique history and development, as well as the potentially demeaning undertones of such terms implying that they and their language are simply "fake English"
- ^ In casual speech, this "Archaic masculine" is instead used as an inanimate pronoun, effectively shifting it to an animacy distinction.