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'''Qocwane''' (''Qocwanet vŷŷxxŷcê'') is the official language of Qocwane, located in our timeline's Hungary. It is inspired by Finnish, Wakashan languages, Salishan languages, and Nuosu.
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
=== Suprasegmentals ===
|+ Consonants in Nuosu
Qocwane prosody is almost the same as Finnish; stress always falls on the first syllable.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
=== Consonants ===
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
* /m n l ʋ j w/ '''m n l v j w'''
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
* /p t ts tɬ k kʷ ʔ/ '''p t z x c cw q'''
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
* /f s ɬ x xʷ h/ '''f s ł ç çw h'''
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|(Alveolo-)]]<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
/k x/ palatalize in words with ATR harmony and may uvularize in words with RTR harmony.
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
 
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
'''mm nn ll vv jj ww pp tt zz xx cc ccw qq''' are the only allowed geminates in native words.
|-
!{{small|plain}}
!{{small|[[Sibilant consonant|sibilant]]}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|{{IPA link|m̥}} {{angbr|hm}}
|{{IPA link|n̥}} {{angbr|hn}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ny}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! scope="row" | <small>unvoiced</small>
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|b}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|d}}
|{{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʂ}} {{angbr|zh}}
|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{angbr|j}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|g}}
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|p}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|t}}
|{{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{angbr|c}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʂʰ}} {{angbr|ch}}
|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{angbr|q}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|k}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|bb}}
| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|dd}}
|{{IPA link|dz}} {{angbr|zz}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʐ}} {{angbr|rr}}
|{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{angbr|jj}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|gg}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | <small>prenasalized</small>
| {{IPA link|ᵐb}} {{angbr|nb}}
| {{IPA link|ⁿd}} {{angbr|nd}}
|{{IPA link|ⁿdz}} {{angbr|nz}}
|{{IPA link|ᶯɖʐ}} {{angbr|nr}}
|{{IPA link|ᶮdʑ}} {{angbr|nj}}
| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} {{angbr|mg}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[Continuant]]
! scope="row" | <small>unvoiced</small>
| {{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|f}}
| {{IPA link|l̥}} {{angbr|hl}}
|{{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}} {{angbr|sh}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}} {{angbr|x}}
| {{IPA link|x}} {{angbr|h}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|hx}}
|-
! scope="row" | <small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA link|v}} {{angbr|v}}
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}
|{{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|ss}}
| {{IPA link|ʐ}} {{angbr|r}}
| {{IPA link|ʑ}} {{angbr|y}}
| {{IPA link|ɣ}} {{angbr|w}}
|
|}


===Vowels===
=== Vowels ===
Qocwane has 8 vowel qualities, all with vowel length.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Vowels in Nuosu
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Front
! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Back vowel|Non-front]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 | Non-front
|-
|-
! scope="col" | <small>[[Unrounded vowel|unrounded]]</small>
! scope="col" | <small>unrounded</small>
! scope="col" | <small>[[Rounded vowel|rounded]]</small>
! scope="col" | <small>rounded</small>
|-
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | [[Fricative vowel|Syllabic<br />consonant]]
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | Syllabic<br />consonant
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
|
|
| {{IPA link|z̩}} {{angbr|y}}
| z̩ '''ŷ'''
| {{IPA link|v̩ʷ}} {{angbr|u}}
|  
|-
|-
! scope="row" | <small>tight</small>
! scope="row" | <small>tight</small>
|
|
| {{IPA link|z̠̩}} {{angbr|yr}}
| z̠̩ '''y'''
| {{IPA link|v̠̩ʷ}} {{angbr|ur}}
|  
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
! scope="row" | Close
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
! scope="row" | <small>loose</small>
| {{IPA link|e̝}} {{angbr|i}}  
| i{{lowered}} '''ê'''
| {{IPA link|ɤ̝}} {{angbr|e}}
| ə{{adv}} '''â'''
| {{IPA link|o̝}} {{angbr|o}}
| u{{lowered}} '''ô'''
|-
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! Open-mid
! rowspan="2" |<small>tight</small>
! rowspan="2" |<small>tight</small>
| <u>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</u> {{angbr|{{not a typo|ie}}}}
| ɛ '''e'''
|
|
| <u>{{IPA link|ɔ}}</u> {{angbr|uo}} 
| ɔ '''o'''
|-
|-
! scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
! scope="row" | Open
|
|
| <u>{{IPA link|a}}</u> {{angbr|a}} 
| ɑ '''a'''
|
|
|}
|}


Nuosu has five pairs of phonemic vowels, contrasting in a feature Andy Eatough calls ''loose throat'' vs. ''tight throat''.  Underlining is used as an ad-hoc symbol for tight throat; phonetically, these vowels are [[laryngealized]] and/or show a [[retracted tongue root]]. Loose vs. tight throat is the only distinction in the two pairs of [[syllabic consonant]]s, but in the [[vocoid]]s it is reinforced by a [[vowel height|height]] difference.{{r|eatough}}
Qocwane has loose/tight vowel harmony:
* loose: '''ŷ ŵ ê â ô'''
* tight: '''y w e a o'''
 
Diphthongs: '''ea êâ oa ôâ ae âê ao âô'''
 
'''â(â)''' /ə(:)/ is realized as [œ(:)] when stressed.
 
''oa'' is often realized as [ɔ:]
 
<!--The syllabic consonants y(r) u(r) are essentially the usual Sinological vowels ɿ ʮ, so ⟨y⟩ can be identified with the vowel of the Mandarin 四 sì "four", but they have diverse realizations. Y(r) completely assimilates to a preceding coronal except in voice, e.g. /ɕz̩˨˩/ [ɕʑ̩˨˩] ꑮ xyp "to marry", and is [m͡l̩] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥z̩˧sz̩˧/ [m̥m͡l̩˧sɹ̩˧] ꂪꌦ hmy sy "cloth". U(r) assimilates similarly after laterals, retaining its rounding, e.g. /l̥v̩ʷ˧/ [l̥l̩ʷ˧] ꆭ hlu "to stir-fry", and is [m̩ʷ] after a labial nasal, e.g. /m̥v̩ʷ˧/ [m̥m̩ʷ˧] ꂥ hmu "mushroom"; moreover it induces a labially trilled release of preceding labial or alveolar stops, e.g. /ⁿdv̩ʷ˨˩/ [ⁿdʙβ̩˨˩] ꅥ ndup "to hit". -->
 
== Morphophonology ==
Qocwane words participate in consonant gradation:
 
strong -> weak
* geminates -> nongeminates
* p -> f
* f -> v
* t -> ł
* ł -> l
* z -> s
* s -> h
* x -> ł
* c -> ç
* cw -> çw
* ç -> j
* çw -> w
* q -> 0
 
== Grammar ==
Finnic-like
=== Nouns ===
8 to 10 cases, normal nom-acc alignment


The syllabic consonants {{transliteration|ii|y(r) u(r)}} are essentially the usual Sinological vowels {{IPA|ɿ ʮ}}, so {{angbr|y}} can be identified with the vowel of the Mandarin {{lang|cmn|四}} {{transliteration|cmn|sì}} "four", but they have diverse realizations.  {{transliteration|ii|Y(r)}} completely assimilates to a preceding coronal except in voice, e.g. {{IPA|/ɕz̩˨˩/}} {{IPA|[ɕʑ̩˨˩]}} {{lang|ii|ꑮ}} {{transliteration|ii|xyp}} "to marry", and is {{IPA|[m͡l̩]}} after a labial nasal, e.g. {{IPA|/m̥z̩˧sz̩˧/}} {{IPA|[m̥m͡l̩˧sɹ̩˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꂪꌦ}} {{transliteration|ii|hmy sy}} "cloth".  {{transliteration|ii|U(r)}} assimilates similarly after laterals, retaining its rounding, e.g. {{IPA|/l̥v̩ʷ˧/}} {{IPA|[l̥l̩ʷ˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꆭ}} {{transliteration|ii|hlu}} "to stir-fry", and is {{IPA|[m̩ʷ]}} after a labial nasal, e.g. {{IPA|/m̥v̩ʷ˧/}} {{IPA|[m̥m̩ʷ˧]}} {{lang|ii|ꂥ}} {{transliteration|ii|hmu}} "mushroom"; moreover it induces a [[bilabial trill|labially trilled]] release of preceding labial or alveolar stops, e.g. {{IPA|/ⁿdv̩ʷ˨˩/}} {{IPA|[ⁿd<sup>ʙ</sup>β̩˨˩]}} {{lang|ii|ꅥ}} {{transliteration|ii|ndup}} "to hit".
TODO
[weak grade]-l = nom pl
[weak grade]-t = gen sg


The tight-throat phone {{IPA|[<u>ɤ̝</u>]}} occurs as the realization of {{IPA|/ɤ̝/}} in the high tone.  That it is phonemically loose-throat is shown by its behaviour in tightness harmony in compound words.


Polynuosu syllable structure is (C)V.
naaqe 'human’, naaet 'human-GEN’, naael 'human-PL'
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