Koṭärt: Difference between revisions

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{{privatelang}}


(This page is heavily a WIP, article on Frathwiki is coming soon too)
(This page is heavily a WIP)


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[[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/]]) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.
[[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞.ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/]]) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.


==History==
==History==
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Notes:<br>
Notes:<br>
* Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
* Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [‌[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]‌], [‌[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are [[w:Free variation|dependent on the speaker]]. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/
* [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
* [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
* [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
* [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonetically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.


All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.
All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.
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Notes:<br>
Notes:<br>
* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonological values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect (just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants), it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonetic values, depending on a dialect, and even [[w:Free variation|speaker's idiolect]], it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
* [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.
* [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.
* [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
* [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].
* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].
* Mid vowels except [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌], when unstressed, may be raised to [e~ɪ], [o] and [ø~ɵ] after [j].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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|}
|}


Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonologically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].
Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonetically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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==Phonetics==
==Phonetics==


WIP
Below is the phonemic analysis of Koṭärt vowels.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Short monophthongs
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]'''
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]
| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]'''
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|
|-
|}
 
The phonemic vowels of the Koṭärt-Weśte dialect are quite asymmetrical, three front vowels, one central vowel, and one back vowel. Most phonemic vowels are mid, except for /a/ and /æ/. It contrasts very similar sounding /a/, /æ/, and /ə/, although in some dialects /a/ is more back, making it more distinct.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Diphthongs (phonemic values and romanisation)
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=1|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan=1|[[w:R-colored vowel|Rhotic]]
|-
! rowspan=4 |Closed
|/e̞i̯/ ⟨ei⟩
|/e̞u̯/ ⟨eu⟩
|/e̞ɹ/ ⟨er⟩
|-
|
|/əu̯/ ⟨ëu⟩
|
|-
|/ai̯/ ⟨ai⟩
|/au̯/ ⟨au⟩
|/aɹ/ ⟨ar⟩
|-
|
|/æu̯/ ⟨äu⟩
|
|-
 
! rowspan=4 |[[Wiktionary:schwebeablaut|Open]]
|/je̞/ ⟨ye⟩
|/we̞/ ⟨we⟩
|/ɹe̞/ ⟨re⟩
|-
|
|/wə/ ⟨wë⟩
|
|-
|/ja/ ⟨ya⟩
|/wa/ ⟨wa⟩
|/ɹa/ ⟨ra⟩
|-
|
|/wæ/ ⟨wä⟩
|
|-
|}
 


==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
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==Links==
==Links==
* [https://www.frathwiki.com/Ko%E1%B9%AD%C3%A4rt Koṭärt] on FrathWiki


==Classmeter==
==Classmeter==

Latest revision as of 19:30, 7 October 2025


(This page is heavily a WIP)

Koṭärt
Koṭärt
Pronunciation[ko̞ˈʈæɹt]
Created byHyacinth Fairfax
Datec. 2023-2025
SettingPaukaṣṣat
  • Lakkāl
EthnicityṂkṛkoṭärt, Śätst, etc.
Śäts Valley
Early forms
Proto-Śäts Valley
  • Proto-Koṭärt
    • Archaic Old Koṭärt
      • Mainlands Old Koṭärt
Standard form
Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect
Dialects
  • Koṭärt dialect cluster
  • Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster
  • Weśte dialect cluster
  • Central dialect cluster
  • Northern dialect cluster
  • Southern Koṭärt
  • Eastern-Insular dialect cluster
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Koṭärt (endonym: Koṭärt /ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt /ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, or Koṭärtlyap /ko̞.ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/) is an artificial language created by Hyacinth Fairfax for a conworld project, Paukaṣṣat, and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of Lakkāl, serving as a lingua franca between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.

History

WIP

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant inventory (Standard dialect)
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t ʈ c~k̟ʲ k (ʔ)
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Fricative s ʂ ɕ (ɣ)
Affricate t͡s ʈ͡ʂ t͡ɕ
Lateral Affricate t͡ɬ c͡ʎ̝̊
Approximant w ɹ (ɻ) j ɰ
Lateral Approximant l ɭ ʎ
Flap ɽ

Notes:

  • Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
  • The pronunciation of /c~k̟ʲ/ varies, the forms [‌c‌], [‌k̟ʲ‌] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /kʲ/
  • [‌ɻ‌] is usually an allophone of /ɹ/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
  • [‌ɣ‌] is an allophone of /ɰ/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
  • /ŋ/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /n/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]). Rarely, whenever /ŋ/ is in the consonant cluster, following /t/, it is usually realized as /t/ with Nasal release: [tⁿ].
  • Glottal stop is not a phoneme in Koṭärt, but it may sometimes appear in speech, e.g. in the beginning of words which start with vowel, to put emphasis, or to avoid hiatus.
Romanization for Consonants
Letter IPA Letter IPA
p /p‌/ s /s‌/
t /t‌/ ṭ /ʈ‌/
ḳ /c~k̟ʲ‌/ ṣ /ʂ‌/
k /k‌/ ś /ɕ‌/
m /m‌/ ts /t͡s‌/
n /n‌/ c /ʈ͡ʂ‌/
ṇ /ɳ‌/ ć /t͡ɕ‌/
ñ /ɲ‌/ tl /t͡ɬ‌/
ṃ /ŋ‌/¹ tly /c͡ʎ̝̊‌/
ṛ /ɽ‌/ w /w‌/²
y /j‌/³ r /ɹ‌/
l /l‌/ g /ɰ‌/
ly /ʎ‌/ ḷ /ɭ‌/

Notes:
¹ – The ⟨ṃ⟩ represents the phonetic /ŋ/, meaning it also indicates vowel nasalization
² – ⟨u⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs
³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs
⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]

Vowels

Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates long and short monophthongs, with long vowels being phonetically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within umlaut and ablaut systems, see Phonetics part for explanation.

All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.

Short monophthongs
Front Central Back
Close i y (ɨ) u
Close-mid (ɵ)
Mid e̞ ø̞ ə (ɵ̞) o̞
Open-mid (ɜ)
Near-open æ (ɐ)
Open a

Notes:

  • /ø̞/ can have different phonetic values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect, it may be realised as [‌ø̞‌], [‌ɵ‌], or [‌ɵ̞‌].
  • [‌ə‌], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /a/ when unstressed, however [‌ɐ‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ṣtaṃśau [‌ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈‌].
  • [‌ɜ‌] is a stressed allophone of /ə/, however some put stress on /ə/ nonetheless.
  • [‌ɨ‌] is an allophone of /i/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
  • If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a rhotic, then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a r-colored vowel.
  • Mid vowels except [‌ə‌], when unstressed, may be raised to [e~ɪ], [o] and [ø~ɵ] after [j].
Long monophthongs
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close yː
Near-close ɪː ʊː
Open-mid ɛː œː ɜː ɔː
Near-open ʌ̞ː
Open ɑː

Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two morae. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.

Diphthongs
-/u/ -/i/
Phonetic Unstressed Pre-stress Stressed Phonetic Unstressed Pre-stress Stressed
/e̞/- /e̞u̯/ [eʊ̯̈] [e̞ʊ̯̈] [e̞ʊ̯̈] /e̞i̯/ [eɪ̯] [e̞ɪ̯] [ɛi̯]
/ə/- /əu̯/ [əu̯] [əu̯] [ɜʊ̯̈] /əi̯/ [əi̯] [əi̯] [ɜɪ̯̈]
/ɛː/- /ɛːu̯/ [ɛːʊ̯̈] [ɛːʊ̯̈] [ɛːʉ̯] /ɛːi̯/ [ɛːi̯] [ɛːi̯] [ɛːi̯]
/ɜː/- /ɜːu̯/ [ɜːʊ̯] [ɜː⁽ʊ̯̈⁾] [ɜːʊ̯̈] /ɜːi̯/ [ɜːɨ̯] [ɜːɨ̯] [ɜːɪ̯̈]
/a/- /au̯/ [əʊ̯] [ɐu̯] [aʊ̯] /ai̯/ [əi̯] [ɐi̯] [ai̯]
/æ/- /æu̯/ [æʊ̯] [æʊ̯̈] [æu̯] /æi̯/ [æɪ̯̈] [æi̯] [æi̯]

Koṭärt phonotactics allow vowel hiatus up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonetically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of semantic significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic glottal stop.

Romanization for Vowels
Short vowel IPA Umlaut IPA Long vowel IPA Lengthened Umlaut IPA
a /a/ ä /æ/ ā /ɑː/ á /ʌ̞ː/
i /i/ ī /ɪː/
u /u/ ü /y/ ū /ʊː/ ú /yː/
e /e̞/ ē /ɛː/
ë /ə/ é /ɜː/
o /o̞/ ö /ø̞/ ō /ɔː/ ó /œː/

Phonetics

Below is the phonemic analysis of Koṭärt vowels.

Short monophthongs
Front Central Back
Mid e̞ ø̞ ə o̞
Near-open æ
Open a

The phonemic vowels of the Koṭärt-Weśte dialect are quite asymmetrical, three front vowels, one central vowel, and one back vowel. Most phonemic vowels are mid, except for /a/ and /æ/. It contrasts very similar sounding /a/, /æ/, and /ə/, although in some dialects /a/ is more back, making it more distinct.

Diphthongs (phonemic values and romanisation)
Front Back Rhotic
Closed /e̞i̯/ ⟨ei⟩ /e̞u̯/ ⟨eu⟩ /e̞ɹ/ ⟨er⟩
/əu̯/ ⟨ëu⟩
/ai̯/ ⟨ai⟩ /au̯/ ⟨au⟩ /aɹ/ ⟨ar⟩
/æu̯/ ⟨äu⟩
Open /je̞/ ⟨ye⟩ /we̞/ ⟨we⟩ /ɹe̞/ ⟨re⟩
/wə/ ⟨wë⟩
/ja/ ⟨ya⟩ /wa/ ⟨wa⟩ /ɹa/ ⟨ra⟩
/wæ/ ⟨wä⟩


Phonotactics

WIP

Syntax

WIP

Grammar

WIP

Morphology

WIP

Orthography

WIP

Lexicon

WIP

Notes

Links

Classmeter


Koṭärt
Koṭärt
Progress: 66%
Type
Agglutinative
Alignment
Ergative-Absolutive
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Subject-verb-object
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
0
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect
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