Proto-Levantine: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Proto-Levantine was never written down, there's no special convention apart from using macrons to denote long vowels, so IPA is mostly always used | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | ||
|+caption | Proto- | |+caption | Proto-Levantine consonant phonemes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | ||
| Line 46: | Line 47: | ||
! colspan="2" | Affricates | ! colspan="2" | Affricates | ||
| | | | ||
| *t͡s | | *t͡s, *d͡z, | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 57: | Line 58: | ||
| *x, *ɣ | | *x, *ɣ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | h {{ref|H|1}} | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="2" | Liquids | ! colspan="2" | Liquids | ||
| Line 66: | Line 67: | ||
| *w | | *w | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{ref/note|H|1}} /h/ was probably not allophonic anymore at this point due to Hittite loanwords | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;" | |||
|+caption | Proto-Levantine consonant phonemes | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" | Short | |||
! colspan="3" | Long | |||
|- | |||
! Front | |||
! Central | |||
! Back | |||
! Front | |||
! Central | |||
! Back | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Closed | |||
| *i | |||
| | |||
| *u | |||
| *i: {{ref|IU|1}} | |||
| | |||
| {{ref|IU|1}} | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Mid | |||
| *e, *ø | |||
| | |||
| *o | |||
| *eː | |||
| | |||
| *oː | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Open-Mid | |||
| *ɛ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Open | |||
| | |||
| *a | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| aː | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{{ref/note|H|1}} Long /i:/ and /u:/ have not been natively reconstructed in Proto-Levantine, but some loanwords do contain /i:/, so some scholars argue that it did have these phonemes natively and somehow lost them only in native words. It's also proposed that /u:/ could've existed | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:46, 2 December 2025
| Proto-Levantine | |
|---|---|
| PLV | |
| Created by | Diego Martínez |
| Reconstruction of | Levantine languages |
| Region | Northern Anatolia |
| Era | 3000 B.C.-1600 B.C. |
Reconstructed ancestor | |
Proto-Levantine is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Levantine languages, spoken in modern day Israel, Lebanon and Egypt.
Introduction
Phonology
Proto-Levantine was never written down, there's no special convention apart from using macrons to denote long vowels, so IPA is mostly always used
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glotal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial | ||||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | |||||
| Stop | *p, *b | *t, *d | *k, *g | *kʷ, *gʷ | |||
| Affricates | *t͡s, *d͡z, | ||||||
| Fricative | *ɸ | *s, *θ | *x, *ɣ | h [1] | |||
| Liquids | *r *l | *j | *w | ||||
^1 /h/ was probably not allophonic anymore at this point due to Hittite loanwords
Vowels
| Short | Long | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back | |
| Closed | *i | *u | *i: [1] | [1] | ||
| Mid | *e, *ø | *o | *eː | *oː | ||
| Open-Mid | *ɛ | |||||
| Open | *a | aː | ||||
^1 Long /i:/ and /u:/ have not been natively reconstructed in Proto-Levantine, but some loanwords do contain /i:/, so some scholars argue that it did have these phonemes natively and somehow lost them only in native words. It's also proposed that /u:/ could've existed