Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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|setting= | |setting= | ||
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk | |stand1=Varhúsnorsk | ||
|dia1=Nygadsnorsk (Western) | |dia1=[[Nygadsnorsk]] (Western) | ||
|dia2=Jugsnorsk (Eastern) | |dia2=[[Jugsnorsk]] (Eastern) | ||
|familycolor=Indo-European | |familycolor=Indo-European | ||
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia | |nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia | ||
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[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/) | [[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/) | ||
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. | While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. As such, all three will be split into separate articles, this article will focus on Varhúsnorsk, with minimal coverage of the others. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)=== | ===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)=== | ||
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*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | */xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | ||
*/ʀ/ to /j/ | */ʀ/ to /j/ | ||
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | */Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains. | ||
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/ | */mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/ | ||
*''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)'' | *''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)'' | ||
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | */rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | ||
*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere) | */v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere) | ||
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | */fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | ||
*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.'' | *''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.'' | ||
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*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | */θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | ||
*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.'' | *''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.'' | ||
*syllabic /l/ to /ul/ | |||
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only | */sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only | ||
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels) | *Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels) | ||
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**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts) | **Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts) | ||
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. | *Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. | ||
* | */Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ] | ||
* | *initial jV-/wV- assimilation. | ||
**Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger. | **Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger. | ||
*/sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/ | */sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/ | ||
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Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/. | Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/. | ||
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
(everything except Jugsnorsk is outdated here) | |||
Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk. | Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk. | ||
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{{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}} | {{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=lýga|lýg-}} | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=lýga|lýg-}} | ||
=====Class 1===== | |||
=====Class 2===== | |||
=====Class 3===== | |||
=====Class 4===== | |||
=====Class 5===== | |||
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}} | |||
{{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}} | |||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart=gát-tj|type=5|get-|1s=gez-|gát-|2t=gáz-|2s=gáz-}} | |||
=====Class 6===== | |||
=====Class 7===== | |||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|j=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}} | {{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿga|j=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}} | ||
====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||
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{| | {| | ||
|- style="vertical-align: top;" | |- style="vertical-align: top;" | ||
| | | {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=véja|m=|véj-|éj-|vé-|é-}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk veja|m= | | {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=ǿja|m=|ǿj-|éj-|ǿ-|é-}} | ||
| | |||
{{Jugsnorsk veja|m= | |||
|} | |} | ||
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:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd | :'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd | ||
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/ | ::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/ | ||
:'''Jugsnorsk''': | :'''Jugsnorsk''': ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds | ||
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ] | |||
::[ | |||
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | #"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | ||
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'''English''': | '''English''': | ||
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur. | :I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur. | ||
:literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur | |||
===UDHR Article 1=== | ===UDHR Article 1=== | ||