Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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|setting= | |setting= | ||
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk | |stand1=Varhúsnorsk | ||
|dia1=Nygadsnorsk (Western) | |dia1=[[Nygadsnorsk]] (Western) | ||
|dia2=Jugsnorsk (Eastern) | |dia2=[[Jugsnorsk]] (Eastern) | ||
|familycolor=Indo-European | |familycolor=Indo-European | ||
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia | |nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia | ||
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[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/) | [[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/) | ||
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. | While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. As such, all three will be split into separate articles, this article will focus on Varhúsnorsk, with minimal coverage of the others. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)=== | ===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)=== | ||
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*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | */xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | ||
*/ʀ/ to /j/ | */ʀ/ to /j/ | ||
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | */Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains. | ||
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/ | */mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/ | ||
*''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)'' | *''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)'' | ||
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | */rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | ||
*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere) | */v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere) | ||
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | */fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | ||
*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.'' | *''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.'' | ||
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*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | */θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | ||
*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.'' | *''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.'' | ||
*syllabic /l/ to /ul/ | |||
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only | */sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only | ||
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels) | *Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels) | ||
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**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts) | **Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts) | ||
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. | *Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. | ||
* | */Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ] | ||
* | *initial jV-/wV- assimilation. | ||
**Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger. | **Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger. | ||
*/sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/ | */sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/ | ||
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Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/. | Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/. | ||
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}} | {{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}} | ||
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}} | {{Húsnorsk nouns c-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}} | ||
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}} | {{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}} | ||
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}} | {{Húsnorsk nouns c-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}} | ||
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut. | As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut. | ||
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{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}} | {{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}} | ||
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}} | {{Húsnorsk nouns c-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}} | ||
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}} | {{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}} | ||
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}} | {{Húsnorsk nouns c-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}} | ||
=====Neuter patterns===== | =====Neuter patterns===== | ||
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{{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}} | {{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}} | ||
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}} | {{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s2|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}} | {{Varhúsnorsk verbs s2|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}} | ||
{{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}} | {{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}} | ||
=====Class 1===== | =====Class 1===== | ||
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{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}} | {{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}} | ||
{{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}} | {{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}} | ||
=====Class 6===== | =====Class 6===== | ||
=====Class 7===== | =====Class 7===== | ||
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====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||
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{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}} | {{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}} | ||
{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}} | {{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd | :'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd | ||
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/ | ::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/ | ||
:'''Jugsnorsk''': | :'''Jugsnorsk''': ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds | ||
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ] | |||
::[ | |||
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | #"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | ||
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'''English''': | '''English''': | ||
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur. | :I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur. | ||
:literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur | |||
===UDHR Article 1=== | ===UDHR Article 1=== | ||