Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

|states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]

|script3=Brai

|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]

|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]

|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Northern Mongolia]]</small>

[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.

===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===

===Common Húsnorsk (1600AD~1770AD)===

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Starting around 1880, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively, these suffixes were used so often that they developed into new forms of the noun.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.

! colspan=2 |  

| A a

| ɐ

| E e

| I i

| O o

| U u

| Y y

| ʏ

| (Z z)

| Ø ø

| ø̞

:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"

:Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".

As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.

 

The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/

 

Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")

[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.

 

All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.

:U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).

:I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)

:A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)

Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).

 

Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)

 

Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=aulj|aul|oul|mean=hearth}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=awl}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=(pagan) god}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=nail}}

 

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=nose}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|lem=akka|akk|okk|1p=akkj|2p=okkj|mean=arrow}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=language}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=icy land|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp-|grip-}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg-|lug-}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk-|sukk-}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat-|gát-}}

 

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg-|gegg-}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-|1j=bǿ(g)j-}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|m= - "to have"|hav-}}

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|m=|vaj-|váj-|1js=vé-|2js=vé-}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=ǫja|m=|ǫj-|ǫ́j-|1js=ǿ|2js=ǿ}}

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:

:'''''Ari havi sútīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')

:'''''Ari havi sútīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')

:'''''sútīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')

:'''''Ari véji sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)

:'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿd''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]]  

:ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds

:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List

| bḗ

|

|  

|

|

| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þet (n)

|

|

|  

|

|

| eigi, ekki

| ej, icke

| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ

| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)

| skinn</br>húð

| skinn (general)</br>hud

#Not cognate

:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".