Scots Norse: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name=Scots Norse | |name=Scots Norse | ||
|nativename= | |nativename=Sudhrø̀scc | ||
|pronunciation=sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ | |pronunciation=sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ | ||
|ethnicity=Norse Scots | |ethnicity=Norse Scots | ||
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|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000 | |speakers2=(L2) < 50,000 | ||
|date=2019 | |date=2019 | ||
|map=File:Lang Status 20-CR.svg | |||
|mapcaption=Scots Norse is classified as [[w:Critically endangered language|critically endangered]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' | |||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: '' | '''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Sudhrø̀scc''; /sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ/) is a West Nordic language, making it closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Scots Gaelic over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse (see "-sce" /ʃcʰ/ vs "-scc" /skʰ/) | ||
Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''Hàsudhrø̀sk'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted") | Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''Hàsudhrø̀sk'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted") | ||
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The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much. | The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much. | ||
:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhrø̀jr'' is stressed on "ø̀") | :Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhrø̀jr'' is stressed on "ø̀") | ||
===Mutation=== | |||
Since Old Norse, initial consonant mutations have began developing. Scots Norse has several forms: | |||
:radical (basic) | |||
:lenited | |||
:nasal | |||
:soft | |||
these can be shown quite well through pronouns + lemma, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except soft). | |||
Take these following examples: | |||
:''thù tàlir'' /ˈxu ˈto.ʎɪθ͇/ — "you speak" | |||
:''e thàli'' /ˈe ˈho.ʎɪ/— "I speak" | |||
:''ha nàlir'' /ˈha ˈno.ʎɪθ͇/— "he speaks" | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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| {{term|}} // | | {{term|}} // | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=3 | '''dh''' | ||
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally | | colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally | ||
| /./ or null | | /./ or null | ||
| {{term|òdha}} /ˈo.ə/, {{term|sudhrø̀jr}} /sˠʌ.ˈrei̯θ͇/ | | {{term|òdha}} /ˈo.ə/, {{term|sudhrø̀jr}} /sˠʌ.ˈrei̯θ͇/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | plain | | colspan=2 | plain/broad | ||
| /ɣ/ | | /ɣ/ | ||
| {{term|}} // | | {{term|}} // | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | broad | | colspan=2 | broad | ||
| / | | /lˠ/ | ||
| {{term|}} // | | {{term|}} // | ||
|- | |- | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
A major development in nouns is the complete loss of the definite forms, being replaced by the independent "hinn", which precedes the noun, triggering nasal mutation in some forms. | |||
====Strong nouns==== | ====Strong nouns==== | ||
There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form. | |||
Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow. The -i of the dative singular is frequently dropped from many words, particularly in the i-declension. Bisyllabic proper names originally in -arr or -urr, such as Einarr (modern "Ènar" /ˈe.nəθ͇/) and Gizurr (modern "Gisur" /ˈɟɪ.sʌθ͇/) do not contract as hamarr ("hamr-") before an inflectional syllable. | |||
These first few are masculine a-stems. | |||
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|n=n-|fc=d}} | |||
{{snon-decl-m-a|àt|òt|n=nh|c=h|fc=t}} | |||
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|omr|amr|amar|n=nh|c=h}} | |||
Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation. | |||
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|onr|anr|anar|n=nh|c=h}} | |||
And an uncontracted form (which is regular): | |||
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|òmar|n=nh|c=h|fc=r}} | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
As with nouns, the definiteness distinction has been lost in adjectives, though it was lost far earlier than in nouns, this is attributed to the increasing reliance on the noun for definiteness. (Which itself too eventually fell to the use of "hi") | |||
{{snon-decl-adj|sèl|r=sèl|fc=l|lem=sèl}} | |||
===Adverbs=== | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
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====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
==Texts== | ==Texts== | ||