Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

{{Infobox language

|name=Scots Norse

|pronunciation=sˠʌ.ˈreskʰ

|ethnicity=Norse Scots

|speakers2=(L2) < 50,000

|date=2019

|notice=IPA

}}

==History==

===Pre-Modern===

Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.

Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.

===Prosody===

The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.

===Mutation===

Take these following examples:

:''thù tàlir'' /ˈxu ˈto.ʎɪθ͇/ — "you speak"

==Orthography==

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan=3 | Letter(s)

| {{term|}} //

|-

| /x/

| {{term|locch}} /ˈlˠɔx/

|-

| colspan=3 | '''chd'''

| {{term|}} //

|-

| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally

| /./ or null

| {{term|òdha}} /ˈo.ə/, {{term|sudhrø̀jr}} /sˠʌ.ˈrei̯θ͇/

|-

| /ɣ/

| {{term|}} //

| colspan=2 | slender

| /ʝ/

| {{term|}} //

|-

| {{term|}} //

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-  

| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''

| colspan=2 | broad

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''

|-

| colspan=2 | broad

|-

| colspan=2 | slender

|-  

| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''

| colspan=2 | broad

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|}

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

====Strong nouns====

There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.

Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow. The -i of the dative singular is frequently dropped from many words, particularly in the i-declension. Bisyllabic proper names originally in -arr or -urr, such as Einarr (modern "Ènar" /ˈe.nəθ͇/) and Gizurr (modern "Gisur" /ˈɟɪ.sʌθ͇/) do not contract as hamarr ("hamr-") before an inflectional syllable.

These first few are masculine a-stems.

Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation.

And an uncontracted form (which is regular):

===Verbs===

====Strong verbs====

======Class 1-light======

=====Class 2=====

=====Class 3=====

====Suppletive verbs====

==Syntax==

==Texts==

'''Original (English)''':

:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

==Lexical comparison==

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

[[Category:A posteriori]]

[[Category:Germanic languages]]