Scots Norse: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name=Scots Norse | |name=Scots Norse | ||
|nativename={{lang|snon| | |nativename={{lang|snon|Sudraèsc}} | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation=sˠʌdˠ.ˈreʃc | ||
|ethnicity=Norse Scots | |ethnicity=Norse Scots | ||
|states=[[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]] | |states=[[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''{{lang|snon| | '''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''{{lang|snon|Sudraèsc}}''; /sˠʌdˠ.ˈreʃc/) is a West Nordic language, making it closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Scots Gaelic over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse. | ||
Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon| | Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon|Hàsudraèsc}}'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted") | ||
Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of creolization, but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a creole, this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of Old West Norse with Middle Irish and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of mixed language. | Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of creolization, but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a creole, this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of Old West Norse with Middle Irish and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of mixed language. | ||
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Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots. | Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots. | ||
Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Mann (Scots Norse {{lang|snon|{{term| | Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Mann (Scots Norse {{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèirr}}}} /mˠɒ.ˈnei̯rʲ/). Little is known about Manx Norse ({{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèsc}}}} /mˠɔ.ˈneʃc/), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ or the Scots' [Gaels'] sounds of the same staves [=letters]." | ||
Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young. | Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young. | ||
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these can be shown quite well through pronouns + lemma, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except soft). | these can be shown quite well through pronouns + lemma, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except soft). | ||
The following gives an example using each of the nominative pronouns: | |||
:'' | :''e thàel'' /ˈɛ θoʎ/ — "I speak" | ||
:'' | :''tù thàlarr'' /ˈtˠu ˈθo.lər/ — "you speak" | ||
:''ha | :''ha nhàlarr'' /ˈha n̥o.lər/ — "he speaks" | ||
:''ho nhàlarr'' /ˈxɔ ˈn̥o.lər/ — "she speaks" | |||
:''tat tàlarr'' /ˈtat ˈto.lər/ — "it/they (sg) speak(s)" | |||
:''vit tòlu'' /vʲɪt tˠo.ɫɤ/ — "we speak" | |||
:''it tòlud'' /ɪt tˠo.ɫɤd/ — "you (pl) speak" | |||
:''tèrr tòl'' /ˈtʲer ˈtˠoɫ/ — "they (m/f) speaks" | |||
:''tò thòl'' /ˈtˠo ˈθˠoɫ/ — "they (n) speak" | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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The original distinction between "heavy" and "light" stems has long been lost in Scots Norse, the distinction between them having either been leveled out or sound changes led to its loss. | The original distinction between "heavy" and "light" stems has long been lost in Scots Norse, the distinction between them having either been leveled out or sound changes led to its loss. | ||
{{snon-conj-weak1|mèl|mèlt| | {{snon-conj-weak1|mèl|mèlt|1o=mèol|2o=mèolt}} | ||
=====Class 2===== | =====Class 2===== | ||