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Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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Line 49: Line 49:
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''hl'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
Line 133: Line 133:
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|}
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ẏ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňẏ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|í '''í'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ɪ́ '''íe'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie'''
|ʊ́ '''úo'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|é '''é'''
|ē '''è'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ə́ '''éo'''
|ə̄ '''èo'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo'''
|ʌ́ '''óe'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|á '''á'''
|ā '''à'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao'''
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňÿ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňẏ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
|}


=== Gemination ===
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.  
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.  
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="21" |Geminate Romanization
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" |Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
Line 210: Line 446:
|''ss''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''shh''
|''hll''
|''lhh''
|''xx''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''hh''
Line 220: Line 456:
|''ll''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''yy''
|''ww'''
|''ňww''
|''ll'''
|''ňll''
|''yy'''
|''ňyy''
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Vowel
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ňẉẉ''
|''ňḷḷ''
|''ňẏẏ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ňẃẃ''
|''ňĺĺ''
|''ňýý''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ňẇẇ''
|''ňŀŀ''
|''ňÿÿ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː
!iː
Line 231: Line 610:
!ʊː
!ʊː
!uː
!uː
!e
!eː
!əː
!əː
!ʌː
!ʌː
Line 237: Line 616:
!aː
!aː
!ɑː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" |
|-
|-
!Grapheme
!Grapheme
Line 250: Line 629:
|''ā''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|''āo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''î''
|''îe''
|''ûo''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''êo''
|''ôe''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''âo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ǐe''
|''ǔo''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ěo''
|''ǒe''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ǎo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!ɪː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|}
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.


=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="12" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="6" |Vowels
! colspan="6" |Vowels
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Short Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Long Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Vowel Multigraph
! colspan="3" |Long Vowel Multigraph
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
Line 275: Line 737:
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
|-
|-
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Base
!Distinction
!Distinction
Line 290: Line 754:
|''chh''
|''chh''
|/t͡ʃː/
|/t͡ʃː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
! rowspan="3" |ie
|''ie''
|''ie''
Line 301: Line 768:
|''ch'h''
|''ch'h''
|/t͡ʃh/
|/t͡ʃh/
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|''iė''
|/ie̯/
|/ie̯/
Line 309: Line 778:
|''c'hh''
|''c'hh''
|/ʔhː/
|/ʔhː/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
|''ië''
|/i.e/
|/i.e/
Line 319: Line 791:
|''dhh''
|''dhh''
|/ðː/
|/ðː/
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
! rowspan="3" |uo
|''uo''
|''uo''
Line 330: Line 804:
|''dh'h''
|''dh'h''
|/ðh/
|/ðh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
|''uȯ''
|/uo̯/
|/uo̯/
Line 338: Line 815:
|''d'hh''
|''d'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|''uö''
|/u.o/
|/u.o/
Line 348: Line 827:
|''dnn''
|''dnn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
! rowspan="3" |eo
|''eo''
|''eo''
Line 359: Line 841:
|''dn'n''
|''dn'n''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
|''eȯ''
|/eo̯/
|/eo̯/
Line 367: Line 851:
|''d'nn''
|''d'nn''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/k͡ʇnː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
|''eö''
|/e.o/
|/e.o/
Line 377: Line 864:
|''ddz''
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|/d͡zː/
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
! rowspan="3" |oe
|''oe''
|''oe''
Line 388: Line 877:
|''d'dz''
|''d'dz''
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
|''oė''
|/oe̯/
|/oe̯/
Line 396: Line 888:
|''dd'z''
|''dd'z''
|/k͡ʇːz/
|/k͡ʇːz/
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
|''oë''
|/o.e/
|/o.e/
Line 403: Line 897:
|''hl''
|''hl''
|/ʎ̝̊/
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |hll
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''hll''
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
! rowspan="3" |ao
|''ao''
|''ao''
Line 415: Line 912:
|''h'l''
|''h'l''
|/hl/
|/hl/
|''hl'l''
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊l/
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
|''aȯ''
|/ao̯/
|/ao̯/
Line 423: Line 922:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''h'll''
|''l'hh''
|/hlː/
|/lhː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
|''aö''
|/a.o/
|/a.o/
Line 435: Line 937:
|''ng''
|''ng''
|/ŋː/
|/ŋː/
! colspan="6" rowspan="24" |
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo (''example'')
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="30" |
|-
|-
|''n'g''
|''n'g''
Line 441: Line 948:
|''ng'g''
|''ng'g''
|/ŋɡ/
|/ŋɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|''iėo''
|/iə̯/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''n'gg''
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|/nɡː/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|-
! rowspan="3" |qlh
|''qlh''
|/k͡ǂlh/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|''iëo''
|/i.ə/
|-
|''ql'h''
|/k͡ǃ¡h/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|''ieö''
|/ɪ.o/
|-
|''q'lh''
|/k͡ǂʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|''iëö''
|/i.e.o/
|-
! rowspan="3" |qng
|''qng''
|/k͡ǂnɡ/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|''iëȯ''
|/i.eo̯/
|-
|''qn'g''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ɡ/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''iėö''
|/ie̯.o/
|-
|''q'ng''
|/k͡ǂŋ/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
! rowspan="4" |oua (''example'')
|''oua''
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
! rowspan="2" |ql
Line 452: Line 1,016:
|''ql''
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|-
|''q'l''
|''q'l''
Line 457: Line 1,026:
|''q'ql''
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ouä''
|/ou̯.a/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''qq'l''
|''qq'l''
|/k͡ǂːl/
|/k͡ǂːl/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|''oüä''
|/o.u.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
! rowspan="2" |qn
Line 468: Line 1,046:
|''qnn''
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="18" |
|-
|-
|''q'n''
|''q'n''
Line 473: Line 1,054:
|''qn'n''
|''qn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''q'nn''
|''q'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
! rowspan="2" |qñ
Line 484: Line 1,070:
|''qññ''
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
|''q'ñ''
|''q'ñ''
Line 489: Line 1,078:
|''qñ'ñ''
|''qñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|''q'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="13" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
! rowspan="3" |rrr
Line 551: Line 1,143:
|''z'hh''
|''z'hh''
|/zhː/
|/zhː/
|}
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the final letter. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
|}
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Lanikel_orthography"