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Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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Line 49: Line 49:
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''hl'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
Line 133: Line 133:
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|}
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="21" |Geminate Romanization
|-
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!nː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!pː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǂː
|-
!Grapheme
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''chh''
|''kk''
|''cc''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''dnn''
|''qnn''
|''qññ''
|''dd''
|''qql''
|''qq''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!fː
!θː
!sː
!ʃː
!ʎ̝̊ː
!xː
!hː
!vː
!ðː
!zː
!ʒː
!wː
!lː
!jː
!w̃ː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
! rowspan="2" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''hll''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dhh''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ňww''
|''ňll''
|''ňyy''
|''rrr''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Vowel
!Phoneme
!iː
!ɪː
!ʊː
!uː
!e
!əː
!ʌː
!oː
!aː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="2" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''ūo''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ēo''
|''ōe''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|}
|}


=== Syllabic Consonants ===
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
 
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Labial
!Dental
!Dental
Line 264: Line 145:
!Dorsal
!Dorsal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|
Line 272: Line 152:
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
|-
!Long
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|ɱ̩ː '''ṃṃ'''
|
|n̩ː '''ṇṇ'''
|ɲ̩ː '''ṇṇy'''
|ŋ̩ː '''ṇṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Short
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
Line 287: Line 159:
|
|
|-
|-
!Long
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
|v̩ː '''ṿṿ'''
!Oral
|ð̩ː '''ḍḍ'''
|z̩ː '''ẓẓ'''
|ʒ̍ː '''ẓẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Approximant
! rowspan="2" |Oral
!Short
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|j̍ '''ẏ'''
|
|-
!Long
|w̩ː '''ẉẉ'''
|
|l̩ː '''ḷḷ'''
|j̍ː '''ÿÿ'''
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
!Nasal
!Short
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňẏ'''
|
|-
!Long
|w̩̃ː '''ňẉẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ː '''ňḷḷ'''
|j̩̃ː '''ňÿÿ'''
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Vibrant
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
!Short
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|-
!Long
|
|
|
|
|ʀ̩ː '''ṛṛ'''
|}
|}


=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).  


Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).  


Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.  


Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.  
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.  


For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|í '''í'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ɪ́ '''íe'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie'''
|ʊ́ '''úo'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|é '''é'''
|ē '''è'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ə́ '''éo'''
|ə̄ '''èo'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo'''
|ʌ́ '''óe'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|á '''á'''
|ā '''à'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao'''
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
 
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Dental
Line 375: Line 281:
!Low
!Low
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
Line 393: Line 298:
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
|-
!Long
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|ɱ̩ː˥ '''ḿḿ'''
|ɱ̩ː˧ '''ṁṁ'''
|ɱ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩ː˥ '''ńń'''
|n̩ː˧ '''ṅṅ'''
|n̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ'''
|ɲ̩ː˥ '''ńńy'''
|ɲ̩ː˧ '''ṅṅy'''
|ɲ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy'''
|ŋ̩ː˥ '''ńńg'''
|ŋ̩ː˧ '''ṅṅg'''
|ŋ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Short
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
Line 428: Line 315:
|
|
|-
|-
!Long
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
|v̩ː˥ '''ŵŵ'''
!Oral
|v̩ː˧ '''ẅẅ'''
|v̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ'''
|ð̩́ː˥ '''ðð'''
|ð̩ː˧ '''ḋḋ'''
|ð̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ'''
|z̩ː˥ '''ź'''
|z̩ː˧ '''ż'''
|z̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ː˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍ː˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Approximant
! rowspan="2" |Oral
!Short
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
Line 458: Line 327:
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˧ '''ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Long
!Nasal
|w̩ː˥ '''ẃẃ'''
|w̩ː˧ '''ẇẇ'''
|w̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩ː˥ '''ĺĺ'''
|l̩ː˧ '''ŀŀ'''
|l̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ'''
|j̍ː˥ '''ýý'''
|j̍ː˧ '''ẏẏ'''
|j̍ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ÿÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňẉ'''
|
|
|
|
Line 493: Line 344:
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňÿ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňẏ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Long
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|w̩̃ː˥ '''ňẃẃ'''
|w̩̃ː˧ '''ňẇẇ'''
|w̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃ː˥ '''ňĺĺ'''
|l̩̃ː˧ '''ňŀŀ'''
|l̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ'''
|j̩̃ː˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃ː˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňÿÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Vibrant
!Short
|
|
|
|
Line 533: Line 366:
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
! rowspan="4" |Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!nː
!ɲː
!ŋː
!pː
!tː
!t͡ʃː
!kː
!ʔː
!bː
!d͡zː
!d͡ʒː
!ɡː
!ŋ͡ʇː
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː
!ŋ͡ǂː
!k͡ʇː
!k͡ǃ¡ː
!k͡ǂː
|-
!Grapheme
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''chh''
|''kk''
|''cc''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''dnn''
|''qnn''
|''qññ''
|''dd''
|''qql''
|''qq''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!fː
!θː
!sː
!ʃː
!ʎ̝̊ː
!xː
!hː
!vː
!ðː
!zː
!ʒː
!wː
!lː
!jː
!w̃ː
!l̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
! rowspan="2" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''lhh''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dhh''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ňww''
|''ňll''
|''ňyy''
|''rrr''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ňẉẉ''
|''ňḷḷ''
|''ňẏẏ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ňẃẃ''
|''ňĺĺ''
|''ňýý''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ňẇẇ''
|''ňŀŀ''
|''ňÿÿ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ňẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!iː
!ɪː
!ʊː
!uː
!eː
!əː
!ʌː
!oː
!aː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''ūo''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ēo''
|''ōe''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''î''
|''îe''
|''ûo''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''êo''
|''ôe''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''âo''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
|-
!Long
!Grapheme
|
|''ǐ''
|
|''ǐe''
|
|''ǔo''
|
|''ǔ''
|
|''ě''
|
|''ěo''
|
|''ǒe''
|
|''ǒ''
|
|''ǎ''
|
|''ǎo''
|
|-
|
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
|ʀ̩ː˥ '''ŕŕ'''
!Phoneme
|ʀ̩ː˧ '''ṙṙ'''
!iː˩
|ʀ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ'''
!ɪː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|}
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
 
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
 
When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.


Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants
Line 565: Line 723:
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Vowel Multigraph
! colspan="3" |Long Digraph
! colspan="3" |Long Vowel Multigraph
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
Line 739: Line 897:
|''hl''
|''hl''
|/ʎ̝̊/
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |hll
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''hll''
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
Line 754: Line 912:
|''h'l''
|''h'l''
|/hl/
|/hl/
|''hl'l''
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊l/
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|''ṅ'g''
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|/n̩˧ɡ/
Line 764: Line 922:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''h'll''
|''l'hh''
|/hlː/
|/lhː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
Line 781: Line 939:
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
! colspan="6" rowspan="24" |
! rowspan="8" |ieo (''example'')
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="30" |
|-
|-
|''n'g''
|''n'g''
Line 790: Line 951:
|''ẓh''
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|/ʒ̍/
|''iėo''
|/iə̯/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''n'gg''
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|/nɡː/
|''ẓ'h''
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|-
! rowspan="3" |qlh
|''qlh''
|/k͡ǂlh/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|''iëo''
|/i.ə/
|-
|''ql'h''
|/k͡ǃ¡h/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|''ieö''
|/ɪ.o/
|-
|''q'lh''
|/k͡ǂʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|''iëö''
|/i.e.o/
|-
! rowspan="3" |qng
|''qng''
|/k͡ǂnɡ/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|''iëȯ''
|/i.eo̯/
|-
|''qn'g''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ɡ/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''iėö''
|/ie̯.o/
|-
|''q'ng''
|/k͡ǂŋ/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
! rowspan="4" |oua (''example'')
|''oua''
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
! rowspan="2" |ql
Line 803: Line 1,016:
|''ql''
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''źh''
|''ṛr''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|/ʀ̩/
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|-
|''q'l''
|''q'l''
Line 811: Line 1,026:
|''q'ql''
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ź'h''
|''ṛ'r''
|/z̩˥h/
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ouä''
|/ou̯.a/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''qq'l''
|''qq'l''
|/k͡ǂːl/
|/k͡ǂːl/
! rowspan="2" |żh
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''żh''
|''ŕr''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|/ʀ̩˥/
|''oüä''
|/o.u.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
! rowspan="2" |qn
Line 827: Line 1,046:
|''qnn''
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ż'h''
|''ŕ'r''
|/z̩˧h/
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="18" |
|-
|-
|''q'n''
|''q'n''
Line 834: Line 1,054:
|''qn'n''
|''qn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''ṙr''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''q'nn''
|''q'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''ṙ'r''
|/z̩˩h/
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
! rowspan="2" |qñ
Line 850: Line 1,070:
|''qññ''
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''ṛr''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩/
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
|''q'ñ''
|''q'ñ''
Line 858: Line 1,078:
|''qñ'ñ''
|''qñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''ṛ'r''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|''q'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
! colspan="3" rowspan="13" |
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
|/ʀː/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
|-
|-
|''rr'r''
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|/ʀɾ/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|-
|''r'rr''
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
|/ɾʀ/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
! rowspan="2" |sh
Line 891: Line 1,102:
|''shh''
|''shh''
|/ʃː/
|/ʃː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|-
|''s'h''
|''s'h''
Line 899: Line 1,107:
|''sh'h''
|''sh'h''
|/ʃh/
|/ʃh/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''s'hh''
|''s'hh''
|/shː/
|/shː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
! rowspan="2" |th
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Lanikel_orthography"