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Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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== Romanization ==
== Romanization ==


=== Basic Phonemes ===
=== Consonants ===
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
![[w:Labial_consonant|Labial]]
![[w:dental_consonant|Dental]]
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:dorsal_consonant|Dorsal]]
![[w:glottal_consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive Consonant
|[[w:Voiced_labiodental_nasal|ɱ]] '''m'''
!Phoneme
|
!ɱ
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
!n
|
!ɲ
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ñ'''
!ŋ
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng'''
!p
|
!t
!t͡ʃ
!k
!ʔ
!b
!d͡z
!d͡ʒ
!ɡ
!ŋ͡ʇ
!ŋ͡ǃ¡
!ŋ͡ǂ
!k͡ʇ
!k͡ǃ¡
!k͡ǂ
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|''m''
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] '''p'''
|''n''
|
|''ny''
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|''ng''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch'''
|''p''
|
|''t''
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|''ch''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''c'''
|''k''
|''q''
|''b''
|''dz''
|''j''
|''g''
|''cn''
|''cǹ''
|''cñ''
|''ct''
|''cl''
|''cy''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|''m''
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|''n''
|
|''ñ''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz'''
|''ŋ''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|''p''
|
|''t''
|[[w:IPA_g|ɡ]] '''g'''
|''č''
|
|''k''
|''q''
|''b''
|''ẑ''
|''j''
|''g''
|''cn''
|''cǹ''
|''cñ''
|''ct''
|''cl''
|''cy''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
! rowspan="3" |Continuant Consonant
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
!Phoneme
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
!f
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th'''
!θ
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
!s
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
!ʃ
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh'''
!ʎ̝̊
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
!x
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
!h
!v
!ð
!z
!ʒ
!w
!l
!j
!w̃
!l̃
!j̃
!ɾ
!ʀ
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|''f''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''dh'''
|''th''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|''s''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh'''
|''sh''
|
|''lh''
|
|''x''
|
|''h''
|''v''
|''d''
|''z''
|''zh''
|''w''
|''l''
|''y''
|''wǹ''
|''lǹ''
|''yǹ''
|''r''
|''rr''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
|''f''
![[w:oral_consonant|Oral]]
|''þ''
|[[w:IPA_w|w]] '''w'''
|''s''
|
|''š''
|[[w:IPA_l|l]] '''l'''
|''ç''
|
|''x''
|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|''h''
|
|''v''
|
|''d''
|''z''
|''ž''
|''w''
|''l''
|''y''
|''ṽ''
|''ł''
|''ỹ''
|''r''
|''ř''
|}
 
=== Vowels ===
Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Vowel
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''ňw'''
!Phoneme
|
!i
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''ňl'''
!ɪ
|
!ʊ
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''ňy'''
!u
|
!e
|
!ə
!ʌ
!o
!a
!ɑ
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
!Grapheme
|
|''i''
|
|''î''
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]] '''r'''
|''û''
|
|''u''
|
|''e''
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr'''
|''ê''
|
|''ô''
|''o''
|''a''
|''â''
|}
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:click_consonant|Click]]
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Syllabic Consonant
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
!Phoneme
|
!ɱ̩
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''dn'''
!n̩
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''qn'''
!ɲ̩
|
!ŋ̩
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''qñ'''
!v̩
|
!ð̩
|
!z̩
!ʒ̍
!w̩
!l̩
!j̍
!w̩̃
!l̩̃
!j̩̃
!ɾ̩
!ʀ
|-
|-
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
!Grapheme
|
|''ṃ''
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''d'''
|''ṇ''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''ql'''
|''ṇy''
|
|''ṇg''
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''q'''
|''ṿ''
|
|''ḍ''
|
|''ẓ''
|''ẓh''
|''ẉ''
|''ḷ''
|''ẏ''
|''ẉǹ''
|''ḷǹ''
|''ẏǹ''
|''ṛ''
|''ṛr''
|}
|}
=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɪ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩).
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a breve on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a tilde (e.g. /ī ɪ̄/ are ⟨ĭ ĩ⟩).
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
![[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
![[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
![[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Vowel
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
!Phoneme
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie'''
!i˥
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo'''
!ɪ˥
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
!ʊ˥
!u˥
!e˥
!ə˥
!ʌ˥
!o˥
!a˥
!ɑ˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''í''
|''ì''
|''ù''
|''ú''
|''é''
|''è''
|''ò''
|''ó''
|''á''
|''à''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Vowel
!Phoneme
!i˧
!ɪ˧
!ʊ˧
!u˧
!e˧
!ə˧
!ʌ˧
!o˧
!a˧
!ɑ˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ĭ''
|''ĩ''
|''ũ''
|''ŭ''
|''ĕ''
|''ẽ''
|''õ''
|''ŏ''
|''ă''
|''ã''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Vowel
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
!Phoneme
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo'''
!i˩
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe'''
!ɪ˩
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
!ʊ˩
!u˩
!e˩
!ə˩
!ʌ˩
!o˩
!a˩
!ɑ˩
|-
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
!Grapheme
|[[w:IPA_a|a]] '''a'''
|''<nowiki/>'i''
|
|''<nowiki/>'î''
|
|''<nowiki/>'û''
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|''<nowiki/>'u''
|''<nowiki/>'e''
|''<nowiki/>'ê''
|''<nowiki/>'ô''
|''<nowiki/>'o''
|''<nowiki/>'a''
|''<nowiki/>'â''
|}
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ w̩̃́ l̩̃́ j̩̃́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ẃǹ ĺǹ ýǹ ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.


Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Syllabic Consonant
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩˥
!n̩˥
!ɲ̩˥
!ŋ̩˥
!v̩˥
!ð̩˥
!z̩˥
!ʒ̍˥
!w̩˥
!l̩˥
!j̍˥
!w̩̃˥
!l̩̃˥
!j̩̃˥
!ɾ̩˥
!ʀ̩˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿ''
|''ń''
|''ńy''
|''ńg''
|''ŵ''
|''ð''
|''ź''
|''źh''
|''ẃ''
|''ĺ''
|''ý''
|''ẃǹ''
|''ĺǹ''
|''ýǹ''
|''ŕ''
|''ŕr''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Syllabic Consonant
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩˧
!n̩˧
!ɲ̩˧
!ŋ̩˧
!v̩˧
!ð̩˧
!z̩˧
!ʒ̍˧
!w̩˧
!l̩˧
!j̍˧
!w̩̃˧
!l̩̃˧
!j̩̃˧
!ɾ̩˧
!ʀ̩˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁ''
|''ṅ''
|''ṅy''
|''ṅg''
|''ẅ''
|''ḋ''
|''ż''
|''żh''
|''ẇ''
|''ŀ''
|''ÿ''
|''ẇǹ''
|''ŀǹ''
|''ÿǹ''
|''ṙ''
|''ṙr''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Syllabic Consonant
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩˩
!n̩˩
!ɲ̩˩
!ŋ̩˩
!v̩˩
!ð̩˩
!z̩˩
!ʒ̍˩
!w̩˩
!l̩˩
!j̍˩
!w̩̃˩
!l̩̃˩
!j̩̃˩
!ɾ̩˩
!ʀ̩˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr''
|}
=== Gemination ===
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.  
Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.
 
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="21" |Geminate Romanization
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
! rowspan="6" |Consonant
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!ɱː
Line 162: Line 438:
!k͡ǂː
!k͡ǂː
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''mm''
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''nny''
|''ngg''
|''nng''
|''pp''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''tt''
|''chh''
|''cch''
|''kk''
|''kk''
|''cc''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''gg''
|''dnn''
|''ccn''
|''qnn''
|''ccǹ''
|''qññ''
|''ccñ''
|''dd''
|''cct''
|''qql''
|''ccl''
|''ccy''
|-
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ŋŋ''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''čč''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ẑẑ''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''ccn''
|''ccǹ''
|''ccñ''
|''cct''
|''ccl''
|''ccy''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
! rowspan="3" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!fː
!fː
Line 203: Line 499:
!j̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
!ʀː
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ff''
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''tth''
|''ss''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''ssh''
|''lhh''
|''llh''
|''xx''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''vv''
|''dhh''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''zzh''
|''ww''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''yy''
|''ňww''
|''wwǹ''
|''ňll''
|''llǹ''
|''ňyy''
|''yyǹ''
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Vowel
|''ff''
|''þþ''
|''ss''
|''šš''
|''çç''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''žž''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ṽṽ''
|''łł''
|''ỹỹ''
|''řř''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ẉẉǹ''
|''ḷḷǹ''
|''ẏẏǹ''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ẃẃǹ''
|''ĺĺǹ''
|''ýýǹ''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ẇẇǹ''
|''ŀŀǹ''
|''ÿÿǹ''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏǹ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Vowel
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː
!iː
Line 231: Line 689:
!ʊː
!ʊː
!uː
!uː
!e
!eː
!əː
!əː
!ʌː
!ʌː
Line 237: Line 695:
!aː
!aː
!ɑː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" |
|-
|-
!Grapheme
!Grapheme
|''ī''
|''ii''
|''īe''
|''îî''
|''ūo''
|''ûû''
|''ū''
|''uu''
|''ē''
|''ee''
|''ēo''
|''êê''
|''ōe''
|''ôô''
|''ō''
|''oo''
|''ā''
|''aa''
|''āo''
|''ââ''
|}
 
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
 
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Short
!Phoneme
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
!iː˥
|
!ɪː˥
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
!ʊː˥
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
!uː˥
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
|-
!Long
!Grapheme
|ɱ̩ː '''ṃṃ'''
|''íí''
|
|''ìì''
|n̩ː '''ṇṇ'''
|''ùù''
|ɲ̩ː '''ṇṇy'''
|''úú''
|ŋ̩ː '''ṇṇg'''
|''éé''
|''èè''
|''òò''
|''óó''
|''áá''
|''àà''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Short
!Phoneme
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
!iː˧
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
!ɪː˧
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
!ʊː˧
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
!uː˧
|
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
|-
!Long
!Grapheme
|v̩ː '''ṿṿ'''
|''ĭĭ''
|ð̩ː '''ḍḍ'''
|''ĩĩ''
|z̩ː '''ẓẓ'''
|''ũũ''
|ʒ̍ː '''ẓẓh'''
|''ŭŭ''
|
|''ĕĕ''
|''ẽẽ''
|''õõ''
|''ŏŏ''
|''ăă''
|''ãã''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" |Approximant
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
! rowspan="2" |Oral
!Phoneme
!Short
!iː˩
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
!ɪː˩
|
!ʊː˩
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
!uː˩
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
!eː˩
|
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
|-
!Long
!Grapheme
|w̩ː '''ẉẉ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ii''
|
|''<nowiki/>'îî''
|l̩ː '''ḷḷ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ûû''
|j̍ː '''ÿÿ'''
|''<nowiki/>'uu''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ee''
|-
|''<nowiki/>'êê''
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
|''<nowiki/>'ôô''
!Short
|''<nowiki/>'oo''
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|''<nowiki/>'aa''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ââ''
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
!Long
|w̩̃ː '''ňẉẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ː '''ňḷḷ'''
|j̩̃ː '''ňÿÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Vibrant
!Short
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|-
!Long
|
|
|
|
|ʀ̩ː '''ṛṛ'''
|}
 
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
 
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
 
Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
 
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
 
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
!Long
|ɱ̩ː˥ '''ḿḿ'''
|ɱ̩ː˧ '''ṁṁ'''
|ɱ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩ː˥ '''ńń'''
|n̩ː˧ '''ṅṅ'''
|n̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ'''
|ɲ̩ː˥ '''ńńy'''
|ɲ̩ː˧ '''ṅṅy'''
|ɲ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy'''
|ŋ̩ː˥ '''ńńg'''
|ŋ̩ː˧ '''ṅṅg'''
|ŋ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Short
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
!Long
|v̩ː˥ '''ŵŵ'''
|v̩ː˧ '''ẅẅ'''
|v̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ'''
|ð̩́ː˥ '''ðð'''
|ð̩ː˧ '''ḋḋ'''
|ð̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ'''
|z̩ː˥ '''ź'''
|z̩ː˧ '''ż'''
|z̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ː˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍ː˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Approximant
! rowspan="2" |Oral
!Short
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Long
|w̩ː˥ '''ẃẃ'''
|w̩ː˧ '''ẇẇ'''
|w̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩ː˥ '''ĺĺ'''
|l̩ː˧ '''ŀŀ'''
|l̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ'''
|j̍ː˥ '''ýý'''
|j̍ː˧ '''ẏẏ'''
|j̍ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ÿÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
!Short
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Long
|w̩̃ː˥ '''ňẃẃ'''
|w̩̃ː˧ '''ňẇẇ'''
|w̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňẉẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃ː˥ '''ňĺĺ'''
|l̩̃ː˧ '''ňŀŀ'''
|l̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňḷḷ'''
|j̩̃ː˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃ː˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ňÿÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Vibrant
!Short
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|-
!Long
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ʀ̩ː˥ '''ŕŕ'''
|ʀ̩ː˧ '''ṙṙ'''
|ʀ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ'''
|}
|}
=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
=== Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.  
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.  


Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
Polyphthongs are written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together. Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them.
 
When there are two adjacent instances of the a cluster separator (i.e. apostrophe for consonants or overdot for vowels), they are both omitted. This results in a rule that when ambiguity arises due to exactly 3 consonant or 3 vowel letters in a row, they are always read as 3 monographs. For example in consonants, ⟨qng⟩ must always be read as ⟨q⟩ /k͡ǂ/, ⟨n⟩ /n/, and then ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/, and not rewritten ⟨q'n'g⟩. However, ⟨chl⟩ must still be read as ⟨ch⟩ /t͡ʃ/ and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, and not ⟨c⟩ /ʔ/, ⟨h⟩ /h/, and then ⟨l⟩ /l/, because the ambiguity of ⟨ch⟩ only arises when it is alone, not due to being in a cluster with a third letter. For example in vowels, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants (All)
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants (All)
! colspan="6" |Vowels
! colspan="6" |Vowels (Examples)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
Line 592: Line 823:
!Distinction
!Distinction
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ch
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''ch''
|''dz''
|/t͡ʃ/
|/d͡z/
! rowspan="3" |chh
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|''chh''
|''ddz''
|/t͡ʃː/
|/d͡zː/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
! rowspan="2" |ie
|''ie''
|ie
|/ɪ/
|/i͡e/
! rowspan="2" |īe
! rowspan="4" |iea
|''īe''
|iea
|/ɪː/
|/i͡e͡a/
|-
|-
|''c'h''
|''d'z''
|/ʔh/
|/ðz/
|''ch'h''
|''d'dz''
|/t͡ʃh/
|/ðd͡z/
|''ṇ'y''
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|iē
|/ie̯/
|/i.e/
|''īë''
|iēa
|/iː.e/
|/i.e͡a/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''c'hh''
|''dd'z''
|/ʔhː/
|/ðːz/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/i.e/
|ieā
| colspan="3" |
|/i͡e.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dh
! rowspan="2" |lh
|''dh''
|lh
|/ð/
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |dhh
! rowspan="3" |llh
|''dhh''
|''llh''
|/ðː/
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|''ń'y''
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
|iēā
|''uo''
|/i.e.a/
|/ʊ/
! rowspan="2" |ūo
|''ūo''
|/ʊː/
|-
|-
|''d'h''
|''l'h''
|/k͡ʇh/
|/lh/
|''dh'h''
|''l'lh''
|/ðh/
|/lʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
! rowspan="2" |ui
|/uo̯/
|ui
|''ūö''
|/u͡i/
|/uː.o/
! rowspan="4" |uio
|uio
|/u͡i͡o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''d'hh''
|''ll'h''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|/lːh/
|''ṅ'y''
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|uī
|/u.o/
|/u.i/
| colspan="3" |
|uīo
|/u.i͡o/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dn
! rowspan="2" |ng
|''dn''
|''ng''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
|/ŋ/
! rowspan="3" |dnn
! rowspan="3" |nng
|''dnn''
|''nng''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|/ŋː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|''eo''
|uiō
|/ə/
|/u͡i.o/
! rowspan="2" |ēo
|''ēo''
|/əː/
|-
|-
|''d'n''
|''n'g''
|/k͡ʇn/
|/nɡ/
|''dn'n''
|''n'ng''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|/nŋ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
|uīō
|/eo̯/
|/u.i.o/
|''ēö''
|/eː.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''d'nn''
|''nn'g''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/nːɡ/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
! rowspan="2" |oa
|/e.o/
|oa
| colspan="3" |
|/o͡a/
! rowspan="4" |oae
|oae
|/o͡a͡e/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
! rowspan="2" |ny
|''dz''
|''ny''
|/d͡z/
|/ɲ/
! rowspan="3" |ddz
! rowspan="3" |nny
|''ddz''
|''nny''
|/d͡zː/
|/ɲː/
|''ṇ'g''
|''ṇ'g''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
|oā
|''oe''
|/o.a/
|/ʌ/
|oāe
! rowspan="2" |ōe
|/o.a͡e/
|''ōe''
|/ʌː/
|-
|-
|''d'z''
|''n'y''
|/k͡ʇz/
|/nj/
|''d'dz''
|''n'ny''
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
|/nɲ/
! rowspan="2" |ńg
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/oe̯/
|oaē
|''ōë''
|/o͡a.e/
|/oː.e/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''dd'z''
|''nn'y''
|/k͡ʇːz/
|/nːj/
|''ń'g''
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
|oāē
|/o.e/
|/o.a.e/
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |hl
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''hl''
|''rrr''
|/ʎ̝̊/
|/ʀː/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
! rowspan="2" |iê
|''ao''
|iê
|/ɑ/
|/i͡ə/
! rowspan="2" |āo
! rowspan="4" |iêa
|''āo''
|iêa
|/ɑː/
|/i͡ə͡a/
|-
|-
|''h'l''
|''rr'r''
|/hl/
|/ʀɾ/
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|''ṅ'g''
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
|ië
|/ao̯/
|/i.ə/
|''āö''
|iëa
|/aː.o/
|/i.ə͡a/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''r'rr''
|''l'hh''
|/ɾʀ/
|/lhː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/a.o/
|iêā
| colspan="3" |
|/i͡ə.a/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
! rowspan="2" |sh
|''ng''
|''sh''
|/ŋ/
|/ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
! rowspan="3" |ssh
|''ng''
|''ssh''
|/ŋː/
|/ʃː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo
|iëā
|''ieo''
|/i.ə.a/
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="30" |
|-
|-
|''n'g''
|''s'h''
|/nɡ/
|/sh/
|''ng'g''
|''s'sh''
|/ŋɡ/
|/sʃ/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|/ʒ̍/
|''iėo''
! rowspan="2" |ûi
|/iə̯/
|ûi
|/ʊ͡i/
! rowspan="4" |ûiô
|ûiô
|/ʊ͡i͡ʌ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
| colspan="3" |
|''n'gg''
|''ss'h''
|/nɡː/
|/sːh/
|''ẓ'h''
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|ûī
|/ɪo̯/
|/ʊ.i/
|ûīô
|/ʊ.i͡ʌ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |qlh
! rowspan="2" |th
|''qlh''
|''th''
|/k͡ǂlh/
|/θ/
! rowspan="3" |tth
|''tth''
|/θː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|/ʒ̍˥/
|''iëo''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/i.ə/
|ûiö
|/ʊ͡i.ʌ/
|-
|-
|''ql'h''
|''t'h''
|/k͡ǃ¡h/
|/th/
|''t'th''
|/tθ/
|''ź'h''
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|/z̩˥h/
|''ieö''
|ûīö
|/ɪ.o/
|/ʊ.i.ʌ/
|-
|-
|''q'lh''
| colspan="3" |
|/k͡ǂʎ̝̊/
|''tt'h''
|/tːh/
! rowspan="2" |żh
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|/ʒ̍˧/
|''iëö''
! rowspan="2" |ôâ
|/i.e.o/
|ôâ
|/ʌ͡ɑ/
! rowspan="4" |ôâê
|ôâê
|/ʌ͡ɑ͡ə/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |qng
! rowspan="2" |zh
|''qng''
|''zh''
|/k͡ǂnɡ/
|/ʒ/
! rowspan="3" |zzh
|''zzh''
|/ʒː/
|''ż'h''
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|/z̩˧h/
|''iëȯ''
|ôä
|/i.eo̯/
|/ʌ.ɑ/
|ôäê
|/ʌ.ɑ͡ə/
|-
|-
|''qn'g''
|''z'h''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ɡ/
|/zh/
|''z'zh''
|/zʒ/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''iėö''
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
|/ie̯.o/
|ôâë
|/ʌ͡ɑ.ə/
|-
|-
|''q'ng''
| colspan="3" |
|/k͡ǂŋ/
|''zz'h''
|/zːh/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
|/z̩˩h/
! colspan="3" rowspan="22" |
|ôäë
|-
|/ʌ.ɑ.ə/
! rowspan="2" |ql
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qql
|''ql''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|-
|''q'l''
|/k͡ǂl/
|''q'ql''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''qq'l''
|/k͡ǂːl/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
|''qn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qnn
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
|-
|''q'n''
|/k͡ǂn/
|''qn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''q'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
|''qñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |qññ
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
|''q'ñ''
|/k͡ǂɲ/
|''qñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! colspan="3" rowspan="13" |
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
|''rrr''
|/ʀː/
|-
|''rr'r''
|/ʀɾ/
|-
|''r'rr''
|/ɾʀ/
|-
! rowspan="2" |sh
|''sh''
|/ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |shh
|''shh''
|/ʃː/
|-
|''s'h''
|/sh/
|''sh'h''
|/ʃh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''s'hh''
|/shː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |th
|''th''
|/θ/
! rowspan="3" |thh
|''thh''
|/θː/
|-
|''t'h''
|/th/
|''th'h''
|/θh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''t'hh''
|/thː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |zh
|''zh''
|/ʒ/
! rowspan="3" |zhh
|''zhh''
|/ʒː/
|-
|''z'h''
|/zh/
|''zh'h''
|/ʒh/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''z'hh''
|/zhː/
|}
|}
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Lanikel_orthography"