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|name=Scots Norse
|name=Scots Norse
|nativename={{lang|snon|Sudhraèsc}}
|nativename={{lang|snon|Sudhraèsc}}
|pronunciation=sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc
|pronunciation=sˠɤð.ˈresk
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
|states=[[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]]
|states=[[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]]
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|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam5=Gaelo-Nordic<sup>?</sup>
|fam5=Gaelo-Nordic<sup>?</sup>
|script1=Runr
|script1=Latn
|script2=Latn
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
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}}
}}


'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''{{lang|snon|Sudhraèsc}}''; /sˠɤðˠ.ˈreʃc/) is a West Nordic language, making it closer to Icelandic and Faroese than Swedish or Danish. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the isles. It has recieved heavy influence from Scots Gaelic over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse.
'''Scots Norse''' (Also ''Sodor Norse''; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''{{lang|snon|Sudhraèsc}}''; /sˠɤð.ˈresk/) is a West Nordic language, thus closer to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]] than [[w:Swedish|Swedish]] or [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It is natively spoken throughout [[w:Suðreyjar|Suðreyjar]], being the dominant language of the [[w:Hebrides|isles]]. It has recieved heavy influence from [[w:Scots Gaelic|Gàidhlig]] over the last several centuries, contributing heavily to the spelling conventions of the language, and likely being the primary pushing force behind the development of the broad/slender distinction in Scots Norse.


Scots Norse is typically split into two main dialect groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon|Hàsudraèsc}}'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")
Scots Norse is typically split into two main [[w:dialect|dialect]] groups, Inner and Outer, corresponding to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, these are further divided into North and South for both, with a Central division for Inner. These dialects are almost entirely mutually intelligible within their groups, and mostly so even between the groups. Uniting all of these is the standardized form, ''{{lang|snon|Hàsudraèsc}}'', literally meaning "High Scots Norse". ("high" as in "exalted")


Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of creolization, but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a creole, this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of Old West Norse with Middle Irish and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of mixed language.
Scots Norse is hard to classify type-wise, as it shows signs of [[w:creolization|creolization]], but not to the extent where it could typically be classed as a [[w:creole|creole]], this leads to the branching from Insular West Norse into so-called "Gaelo-Nordic", characterized by the partial creolization of [[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]] with [[w:Middle Irish|Middle Irish]] and Scots Gaelic. Regardless how it is classed, Scots Norse is with no doubt some kind of [[w:mixed language|mixed language]].
==History==
==History==
===Pre-Modern===
===Pre-Modern===
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and Middle English), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to Scotland with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of [[w:Gaelic|Gaelic]] and [[w:English|English]] speakers (At this point still Middle Irish and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.


Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the Isle of Mann (Scots Norse {{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèirr}}}} /mˠɒ.ˈneːrʲ/). Little is known about Manx Norse ({{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèsc}}}} /mˠɔ.ˈneʃc/), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the dental fricatives that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ or the Scots' [Gaels'] sounds of the same staves [=letters]."
Having been spoken throughout Suðreyjar, Scots Norse had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] (Scots Norse {{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèirr}}}}). Little is known about Manx Norse ({{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèsc}}}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words, with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that Manx Norse still had the [[w:dental fricative|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."


Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occured in the mid 18th century when several of the last native speakers (at the time, Scots Norse had no more than 150 remaining speakers) gathered together to document the language so it could be taught to children. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
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===Mutation===
===Mutation===
Since Old Norse, initial consonant mutations have began developing. Scots Norse has several forms:
Since Old Norse, initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse has several forms:
:radical (basic)
:radical (basic)
:lenited
:lenited
:nasal
:nasal
:soft
:voiced
these can be shown quite well through pronouns + lemma, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except soft).
these can be shown quite well through pronouns + lemma, as a pronoun exists that causes most of them (except voiced).


The following gives an example using each of the nominative pronouns:
The following gives an example using each of the nominative pronouns:
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Doubled consonants are essentially identical to singular ones, the exceptions will be placed in the table, and as a general rule, doubled initial consonants are long, composing the only geminates in the language.
(updated up to "c")
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=5 | consonants
! colspan=5 | consonants
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| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /bˠ/
| /bˠ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bògi}}}}'' /ˈbˠo.ɟɪ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bòeg}}}}'' /ˈbˠoɟ/
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
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| colspan=2 | before u/ù, a consonant, or finally
| colspan=2 | before u/ù, a consonant, or finally
| /./ or null
| /./ or null
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhùrr}}}}'' /ˈur/, ''{{lang|snon|{{term|àbbh}}}}'' /ˈo/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | usually
| rowspan=3 | usually
| plain
| plain
| /v/
| /v/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhàrr}}}}'' /ˈvor/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| broad
| broad
| /vˠ/
| /vˠ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bholl}}}}'' /ˈvˠɔl/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| slender
| slender
| /vʲ/
| /vʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bhèrr}}}}'' /ˈvʲerʲ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|}}}}'' //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''c'''
| rowspan=4 | '''c'''
| rowspan=2 | plain/broad
| plain/broad
| initially and finally
| /kʰ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|cotte}}}}'' /ˈkʰɔt͡ʃʰ/
|-
| between vowels
| /k/
| /k/
| {{term|}} //
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|coeth}}}}'' /ˈkɔθʲ/
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| slender
| initially and finally
| /cʰ/
| /cʰ/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|cìss}}}}'' /cʰis/
| ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ceth}}}}'' /ˈcɛθʲ/
|-
| between vowels
| /c/
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
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There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.
There are two strong neuter, three masculine, and three feminine declensions. The masculine and feminine each have an A, an I, and an R stem, after the defining difference in the nominative singular of the Proto-Germanic form.


Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow. The -i of the dative singular is frequently dropped from many words, particularly in the i-declension. Bisyllabic proper names originally in -arr or -urr, such as Einarr (modern "Ènar" /ˈe.nəθ͇/) and Gizurr (modern "Gisur" /ˈɟɪ.sʌθ͇/) do not contract as hamarr ("hamr-") before an inflectional syllable.
Though the masculine a-stems tend for an -s genitive singular, and the i- and r-stems tend for -ar, there are many words that don't follow.


First to be shown will be the masculine patterns, then the feminines, and lastly the neuters, with several examples for each pattern.
First to be shown will be the masculine patterns, then the feminines, and lastly the neuters, with several examples for each pattern. Take notice of how the case system is starting to collapse.


=====Masculines=====
These first few are masculine a-stems.
These first few are masculine a-stems.
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|n=n-|l=ch-|fc=d}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|eld|1l=h-eld|1n=n-eld}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àt|òt|n=nh|c=h|l=ch|fc=t}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|hàt|hòt|1e=hàet|1l='àt|2l='òt|1el='àet|1n=nhàt|2n=nhòt|1en=nhàet}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|omr|amr|amar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch}}
{{snon-decl-m-a|hàmer|hòmer|1l='àmer|2l='òmer|1n=nhàmer|2n=nhòmer}}
Due to many sound changes, "hamare" is quite irregular, this following table is more colloquial spellings that better show pronunciation.
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|onr|anr|anar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch}}
And an uncontracted form (which is regular):
{{snon-decl-m-a|àmar|òmar|n=nh|c=h|l=ch|fc=r}}
 
 
 


=====Feminines=====
{{snon-decl-f-ōn|aerv|orv|1l=h-aerv|2l=h-orv|1n=n-aerv|2n=n-orv}}






=====Neuters=====
Here we have the neuter a-stem.
Here we have the neuter a-stem.
{{snon-decl-n-a|ost|ost|c=p|n=mh|l=ph|fc=t}}
{{snon-decl-n-a|post|post|1e=poest|1l=phost|1n=most|1en=moest|2n=most}}
In "post", notice the lack of change in the nom/acc plural, this is due to umlaut only occuring on -a- in this pattern, as in this next pattern.
In "post", notice the lack of change in the nom/acc plural, this is due to umlaut only occuring on -a- in this pattern, as in this next pattern.
{{snon-decl-n-a|àl|òl|c=m|n=mm|l=mh|fc=l}}
{{snon-decl-n-a|màl|mòl|1e=màel|1l=mhàel|1n=màel|1en=màel|2n=mòl}}
Now here in "màl", notice how the difference is present.
Now here in "màl", notice how the difference is present.


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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Scots Norse has developed a system of inflected prepositions from the reduction of pronouns, these were eventually interpreted as part of the preposition rather than a pronoun as they had diverged so far from them.
Scots Norse has a very, very simple system of inflected prepositions, only inflecting for person and number, but never for case or gender, likely because it can usually be told through context.
 
A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions, though the majority does.


{{snon-infl-prep|lem=ì|r=in|rm=im|rl=inh|dl=innh|nl=innh}}
{{snon-infl-prep|lem=ì|in|1l=inh|1ol=ionh|1v=im}}






{{snon-infl-prep|lem=at|r=at|rm=an|rl=ath|dl=atth|rv=ad|rln=anh}}
{{snon-infl-prep|til|1l=tilh|1ol=tiolh|1v=tilv}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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'''Scots Norse''':
'''Scots Norse''':
:{{lang|snon|allirr me n-èor bhornirr friàlsirr o hiavnirr at virdhiong h-o rhèttu. nèrr èor h-allirr vìt ghaèaddirr o shanviosc, h-o shcùl ghaèr vhàrr til annarr bhròdhurligh.}}
:{{lang|snon|alirr me n-èor bhornirr friàlsirr o hiavnirr, hàevn vhirding h-o rhèot h-at tèrr. tèrr èor h-alirr vìt ghaèddirr o shanviosc, h-o shcùl ghaèr vhàrr til anarr bhròdhurligh.}}
:(allirr me n-èor bhornirr friàlsirr o hiavnirr at virdhiong h-o rhèttu. nèrr èor h-allirr vìt ghaèaddirr o shanviosc, h-o shcùl ghaèr vhàrr til annarr bhròdhurligh.)
:(alirr me n-èor bhornirr friàlsirr o hiavnirr, hàevn vhirding h-o rhèot h-at tèrr. tèrr èor h-alirr vìt ghaèddirr o shanviosc, h-o shcùl ghaèr vhàrr til anarr bhròdhurligh.)
:/ˈa.ʎɪr ˈmʲɛ ˈɲeɾˠ ˈvˠɔrˠ.ɲɪrˠ ˈfʲrʲol.ʃɪrʲ ɔ ˈçav.ɲɪrʲ ət ˈvʲɪrʲ.rʲɪŋ hɔ ˈɾʲe.tˠɤ ˈɲerʲ ˈeɾ ˈha.ʎɪr ˈvʲitʲ ˈɣe.dʲɪrʲ ɔ ˈhã.vɪsˠk hɔ ʰkul ˈɣeɾʲ ˈɣor tʲɪʎ ˈa.ɲərʲ ˈvˠrˠo.ðˠur.ʎɪʝ/
:/ˈa.ʎɪr ˈmʲɛ ˈɲeɾˠ ˈvˠɔrˠ.ɲɪrˠ ˈfʲrʲol.ʃɪrʲ ɔ ˈçav.ɲɪrʲ ˈhovʲɲ ˈvʲɪrʲ.dʲɪŋ hɔ ˈɾʲetˠ çətʲ tʲerʲ ˈtʲerʲ ˈeɾ ˈha.ʎɪr ˈvʲitʲ ˈɣe.dʲɪrʲ ɔ ˈhã.vɪsˠk hɔ ʰkul ˈɣeɾʲ ˈɣor tʲɪʎ ˈa.ɲərʲ ˈvˠrˠo.ðˠur.ʎɪʝ/


:'''English translation'''
:'''English translation'''
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| fire
| fire
| eldr
| eldr
| elde /ˈœd͡ʒ/
| eld /ˈɛʎdʲ/
| eldur
| eldur
| eld
| eld
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| nose
| nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nos /ˈnˠɔs/
| nos /ˈnˠɔsˠ/
| nös
| nös
| nas
| nas
Line 739: Line 728:
| to go
| to go
| ganga
| ganga
| gogg /ˈɡɔɡ/
| gaeng /ˈɡaŋ̟/
| ganga
| ganga
| gånga
| gånga
Line 746: Line 735:
| water
| water
| vatn
| vatn
| vànn /ˈvon/
| vat /ˈvat/
| vatn
| vatn
| vatten
| vatten
Line 753: Line 742:
| mouth
| mouth
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munnr</br>(river) mynni</br>(river) óss
| (body) munne /ˈmˠɤɲ/</br>(river) mynni /ˈmi.ɲɪ/
| (body) muenn /ˈmˠɤɲ/</br>(river) mainn /ˈmiɲ/
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 759: Line 748:
| tongue
| tongue
| tunga
| tunga
| tugg /ˈtˠɤɡ/
| tueng /ˈtˠɤŋ̟/
|-
|-
|7
|7
| blood
| blood
| blóð
| blóð
| blòdh /ˈblˠo(ː)/
| blòd /ˈbˠɫodˠ/
|-
|-
|8
|8
| bone
| bone
| bein
| bein
| bèn /ˈbʲen/
| bè /ˈbʲe/
|-
|-
|9
|9
Line 779: Line 768:
| root
| root
| rót
| rót
| ròt /ˈrˠotʰ/
| ròt /ˈrˠotˠ/
|-
|-
|11
|11
| to come (move)
| to come (move)
| koma
| koma
| comm /ˈkʰɔm/
| coem /ˈkɔmʲ/
|-
|-
|12
|12
| breast
| breast
| brjóst
| brjóst
| briòst /ˈbrʲos(tʰ)/
| briòst /ˈbʲrʲosˠ(tˠ)/
|-
|-
|13
|13
| rain
| rain
| regn
| regn
| regn /ˈrʲɛi̯n/
| rei /ˈrʲɛː/
|-
|-
|14
|14
| 1sg pronoun (I)
| 1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| ek
| /ɛkʰ/
| e /ɛɛ/
|-
|-
|15
|15
| name
| name
| nafn
| nafn
| nàvn /ˈnou̯n/
| nav /ˈna/
|-
|-
|16
|16
Line 839: Line 828:
| night (time)
| night (time)
| nátt
| nátt
| nàtt /ˈnotʰ/
| nàtt /ˈnot/
|-
|-
|22
|22
Line 886: Line 875:
| to say
| to say
| tala
| tala
| tall /ˈtal/
| tàel /ˈtaʎ/
|-
|-
|30
|30
Line 909: Line 898:
| one (number)
| one (number)
| einn
| einn
| èn /ˈẽ/
| è /ˈe/
|-
|-
|34
|34
Line 920: Line 909:
| 3sg pronoun (they)
| 3sg pronoun (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han (m) /ˈhã/</br>hòn (f) /ˈxõ/</br>that (n) /ˈtatʰ/
| ha (m) /ˈha/</br>hò (f) /ˈxo/</br>tat (n) /ˈtat/
|-
|-
|36
|36
Line 943: Line 932:
| this (pron.)
| this (pron.)
| sá
| sá
| sà /ˈsˠo/
| sà /ˈso/
|-
|-
|40
|40
| fish
| fish
| fiskr
| fiskr
| fisce /ˈfʲɪsc/
| fisc /ˈfʲɪʃc/
|-
|-
|41
|41
Line 1,043: Line 1,032:
| not (adj./adv.)
| not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ègi /ˈe.ʝɪ~ˈeɪ̯/</br>(verbal) -et /(ʲ)tʰ/
| èghi /e.ɣɪ~e.ɪ~eɪ̯/</br>(verbal) -(e)t /(ɛ)tʲ/
|-
|-
|57
|57
Line 1,054: Line 1,043:
| to know
| to know
| kunna</br>(a person) kenna
| kunna</br>(a person) kenna
| cunn /ˈkʰɤn/</br>(a person) cenn /ˈcʰɛn/
| cuen /ˈkɤɲ/</br>(a person) cenn /ˈcɛɲ/
|-
|-
|59
|59
Line 1,113: Line 1,102:
| skin/hide
| skin/hide
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| felde /ˈfʲœd͡ʒ/ (animal)</br> scinn /ˈscɪɲ/ (general)</br>hùdh /ˈxu/
| feld /ˈfʲɛʎdʲ/ (animal)</br> sci /ˈʃcɪ/ (general)</br>hùd /ˈxudˠ/
|-
|-
|69
|69
Line 1,154: Line 1,143:
| to eat
| to eat
| eta
| eta
| jatt /ˈjatʰ/
| èt /ˈetʲ/
|-
|-
|76
|76
Line 1,219: Line 1,208:
| dog
| dog
| hundr</br>rakki
| hundr</br>rakki
| hudde /ˈxɤd͡ʒ/ (archaic)</br>racci /ˈra.cɪ/</br>(affectionate) cù /ˈkʰu/
| huenn /ˈxɤɲ/ (archaic)</br>raec /ˈrac/</br>(affectionate) cù /ˈku/
| hundur</br>rakki
| hundur</br>rakki
| hund</br>rakka
| hund</br>rakka
Line 1,262: Line 1,251:
| bird
| bird
| fugl
| fugl
| fugl /ˈfˠɯl/
| fùil /ˈfɯl/
|-
|-
|94
|94
Line 1,291: Line 1,280:
| in
| in
| í
| í
| ì /i, ɪ/
| ì /i/
|-
|-
|99
|99
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