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Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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The following gives an example using "mik" ("I, me"), "ha" ("he"), and "ic" ("we, us", emphatic):
The following gives an example using "mik" ("I, me"), "ha" ("he"), and "ic" ("we, us", emphatic):
:''{{lang|snon|mic tàlarr}}'' /ˈmʲɪc ˈto.ʎərʲ/ — "I speak"
:''{{lang|snon|mic tàlarr}}'' /ˈmʲɪc ˈto.ʎərʲ/ — "I speak"
:''{{lang|snon|ha dtàlarr}}'' /ˈçæʰdo.ʎərʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|ha dtàlarr}}'' /ˈçæ ˈdo.ʎərʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|ic thàlarr}}'' /ˈɪc θo.ʎərʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"
:''{{lang|snon|ic thàlarr}}'' /ˈɪc ˈθo.ʎərʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
{{snon-pronouns}}
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained in the singular and when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the masc/fem distinction only maintained in the singular and when paired with the article ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hin}}}}''.
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''All'' nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.
''All'' nouns fit into one of these two patterns, regardless the forms in Old Norse. Below are several examples.
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ald}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
{{snon-decl|a|ld|g=m}}
! class=outer |
{{snon-decl|h|àt|àet|g=m}}
! singular
{{snon-decl|h|àmar|4=àmr|g=m}}
! plural
{{snon-decl|b|èdh|g=m}}
|-
{{snon-decl|b|ògh|òegh|g=m}}
! indefinite
{{snon-decl|m|àl|àel|g=m}}
| {{lang|snon|aldᶫ}}
{{snon-decl|p|ost|oest|g=m}}
| {{lang|snon|aldarr}}
{{snon-decl|a|rrv}}
|-
{{snon-decl|b|èt}}
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin h-aldᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin h-aldarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hàet}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|hàetᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hàtarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin 'àetᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin 'àtarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|hàmar}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|hàmarᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hàmararr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin 'àmarᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin 'àmararr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bèdh}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|bèdhᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|bèdharr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin bhèdhᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin bhèdharr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bòegh}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|bòeghᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|bògharr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin bhòeghᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin bhògharr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|màel}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|màelᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|màlarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin mhàelᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin mhàlarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|poest}}}}'' (masculine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|poestᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|postarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin phoestᶫ}}
| {{lang|snon|hin phostarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
 
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|arrv}}}}'' (feminine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|arrv}}
| {{lang|snon|arrvarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin arrv}}
| {{lang|snon|hin arrvarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}
 
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Declension of ''{{lang|snon|{{term|bèt}}}}'' (feminine)|tall=y}}
! class=outer |
! singular
! plural
|-
! indefinite
| {{lang|snon|bèt}}
| {{lang|snon|bètarr}}
|-
! definite
| {{lang|snon|hin bèt}}
| {{lang|snon|hin bètarr}}
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives have essentially lost all declension, at most declining for gender, where the forms are identical, the only difference being that the masculine form triggers lenition. (see ''{{lang|snon|{{term|sèl}}}}'')
Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it is instead {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").


Both the comparative and superlative forms were lost by the time of Sudrey Norse, being replaced with the usage of {{lang|snon|{{term|mèr}}}} ("more") and {{lang|snon|{{term|mast}}}} ("most"), so rather than, say, Old Norse "beztr" (hypothetical Scots Norse **{{lang|snon|bast}}) for "better", it is instead {{lang|snon|mèr ghòedh}} (lit. "more good").
In modern Scots Norse, adjectives have at most three forms, 2 singulars and a plural. Only the singular changes for gender, where the distinction is through mutation, the masculine causing lenition while the feminine doesn't cause mutation.


{{snon-decl-adj|a|ld}}
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
{{lang|snon|èn}} is the only adjective-like word in all of Scots Norse that retains a distinct plural form, ''{{lang|snon|{{term|ènarr}}}}''


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
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A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.
A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.


{{snon-infl-prep|in|1l=inh|2l=ionh|1v=im}}
{{snon-infl-prep|i|3=io|n=y}}




{{snon-infl-prep|til|1l=tilh|2l=tiolh}}
{{snon-infl-prep|til|3=tiol}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.
The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.


The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hìnu n-onaru}}}}
The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hinnar}}}}


Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
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