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Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=3 | labial
! colspan=2 | labial
! colspan=3 | dental
! colspan=2 | alveolar
! colspan=3 | alveolar
! colspan=2 | velar
! colspan=3 | velar
|-
|-
! plain
! broad
! broad
! slender
! slender
! plain
! broad
! broad
! slender
! slender
! plain
! broad
! slender
! plain
! broad
! broad
! slender
! slender
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
! colspan=2 | nasal
| m
| m
| mˠ
| mʲ
| mʲ
|
|
|
| n
| n
| nˠ
| ɲ
| ɲ
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | stop
! Unvoiced
! unvoiced
| p
| p
| pˠ
| pʲ
| pʲ
|
|
|
| t
| t
| tˠ
| tʲ
| tʲ
| colspan=2 | k
| k
| c
| c
|-
|-
! Voiced
! voiced
| b
| b
| bˠ
| bʲ
| bʲ
|
|
|
| d
| d
| dˠ
| dʲ
| dʲ
| colspan=2 | g
| g
| ɟ
| ɟ
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | fricative
! Unvoiced
! unvoiced
| f
| f
| fˠ
| fʲ
| fʲ
| θ
| θˠ
| θʲ
| s
| s
| sˠ
| ʃ
| ʃ
| h¹
| x
| x
| ç
| ç
|-
|-
! Voiced
! voiced
| v
| v
| vˠ
| vʲ
| vʲ
| ð
| ðˠ
| ðʲ
| z
| z
| zˠ
| ʒ
| ʒ
| colspan=2 | ɣ
| ɣ
| ʝ
| j
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
! colspan=2 | approximant
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɾ, ɫ
|
| ɾʲ, ʎ
|
| colspan=2 | j
|
| r, l
| rˠ, lˠ
| rʲ, ʎ
| colspan=3 | j
|-
|-
|}
|}
#/h/ merges with /x/ outside of Standard Scots Norse.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | front
! colspan=2 | Back
! colspan=2 | back
|-
|-
! Unround
! short
! Round
! long
! short
! long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| ɪ
| i
| i
|  
| ɤ
| u
| u
|-
! Near-High
| ɪ
| colspan=2 | ɤ~ʊ
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| ɛ
| e
| e
| rowspan=2 | (ə)
| ɔ
| o
| o
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| æ~ɛ
|  
| ɔ~ɒ
|  
| ə
| ɑ
|-
|-
|}
|}


#/ə/ is the unstressed realization of /æ, ɔ/. (differing by slender vs broad)
# Every vowel can appear nasalized.
#/æ/ is often /ɛ/ before nasals, but rarely so anywhere else.
 
Long vowels have long been lost, though their effects remain prominently, influencing the languages stress patterns heavily.
 
Every vowel can appear nasalized, though nasalization only occurs in specific positions, and is always shown with a single N. (though not all single Ns are nasalization)
*Word finally
*Before a fricative (Though "nh" is /z/)
*In some irregular positions when loaned from another language.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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:eclipsis
:eclipsis


these can be shown quite well through pronoun + verb, as a pronoun exists that causes both, the word order for these will be slightly odd.
The following gives each form of {{l|snon|tàl}}:
 
:''{{lang|snon|tàlir}}'' /ˈtɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "I speak"
The following gives an example using "mic" ("I, me"), "ha" ("he, him"), and "ic" ("we, us", emphatic):
:''{{lang|snon|dàlir}}'' /ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|mic tàlarr}}'' /ˈmʲɪc ˈto.ʎərʲ/ — "I speak"
:''{{lang|snon|thàlir}}'' /ˈxɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"
:''{{lang|snon|ha dtàlarr}}'' /ˈçæ ˈdo.ʎərʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|ic thàlarr}}'' /ˈɪc ˈθo.ʎərʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.


The stative doesn't exist for every verb, but the forms are still displayed for convenience's sake.
The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs, acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{l|snon|}} ("to fight"), {{l|snon|slà}} ("to hit"), {{l|snon|}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{l|snon|elsc}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{l|snon|hinnar}}
 
The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to fight"), {{lang|snon|{{term|slà}}}} ("to hit"), {{lang|snon|{{term|}}}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{lang|snon|{{term|elsc}}}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{lang|snon|{{term|hinnar}}}}


Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.


{{snon-conj|t|àl|àel}}
{{snon-conj|t|àl}}
 


{{snon-conj|m|èl}}
{{snon-conj|m|èl}}


 
{{snon-conj|à|gh}}
{{snon-conj|à|gh|egh}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
There are very few known suppletive verbs in Scots Norse, the main one being the copula ''{{lang|snon|vèr}}'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.
There are very few known suppletive verbs in Scots Norse, the main one being the copula ''{{lang|snon|vèr}}'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.
{{snon-conj-vèr}}
{{snon-conj-vèr}}
"arr" and "varr" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrarr" and "vèradharr" are also rather common.
"er" and "var" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrir" and "vèradhir" are also rather common.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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