Cabot Creole: Difference between revisions
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*[u o] are in free variation, but [o] is more common when short and [uː] is more common when long. | *[u o] are in free variation, but [o] is more common when short and [uː] is more common when long. | ||
*Epenthetic [a] is inserted to break illegal clusters. | |||
All vowels may be long and/or nasalized. | All vowels may be long and/or nasalized. Length and nasalization are also separable features on the left bound of some verb roots and affixes; when following consonants these variably either move to the preceding vowel or causes preceding epenthetic [a] to appear. | ||
===Pitch accent=== | ===Pitch accent=== | ||
| Line 121: | Line 122: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Agreement==== | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|3M}} !! >{{gcl|3A}} !! >{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl|3I}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|1SG}} | |||
| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="5" | || ku- || rį- || khe- || ke- || khe- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|1+2DU}} | |||
| style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || sęthi- || colspan="2" | thi- || rowspan="2" | yethi- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|1+2PL}} | |||
| sętha- || colspan="2" | tha- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|1+3DU}} | |||
| rowspan="2" | qua- || sąkhi- || colspan="2" | yakhi- || rowspan="2" | yakhi- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|1+3PL}} | |||
| sąqua- || colspan="2" | yaqua- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|2SG}} | |||
| skę- || style="background-color:#D0D0D0" rowspan="2" | || hęse- || colspan="3" | sę- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|2PL}} | |||
| squą- || sętsha- || colspan="3" | tsha- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|3M}} | |||
| rąke- || yą- || rowspan="2" | ∅- || colspan="3" | rų:ma- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|3A}} | |||
| yuque- || yetsa- || colspan="3" | ku:wa- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|3}} | |||
| wake- || tsa- || rowspan="2" colspan="2" | yo- || ako- || yako- | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|3I}} | |||
| yuke- || yetsa- || colspan="2" | ku:wa- | |||
|} | |||
*Final vowels in agreement prefixes are deleted before other vowels; deleted nasalized vowels nasalize the following vowel. | |||
*Indefinite patient agreement is also used for intransitive verbs, and indefinite>indefinite agreement is used for impersonal verbs. | |||
See also [[Cabot Creole#Nouns|Nouns]] for agreement as possessive marking. | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
Verbs supplete to mark aspect, or for newer loaned or derived verbs are with suffixes ''-∅/V̀sk/(y)ą'' for imperfective/perfective/punctual aspect respectively. | |||
====Verb affix order==== | ====Verb affix order==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}}<br>{{gcl|TLOC}} !! agreement !! incorporated<br>noun | ! {{gcl|Q}} !! {{gcl|REP|repetitive}} !! {{gcl|COIN}} !! {{gcl|NEG}} !! {{gcl|OPT}} !! {{gcl|CLOC}}<br>{{gcl|TLOC}} !! {{gcl|PTV}} !! agreement !! incorporated<br>noun | ||
| stem | | stem | ||
! {{gcl|PFV}}<br>{{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}} | ! {{gcl|PFV}}<br>{{gcl|PUNC}} !! {{gcl|CAUS}} !! {{gcl|NZ}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Questions and negation=== | ====Questions and negation==== | ||
Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' (realized as ''tow-'' and ''te’-'' before vowels) respectively. | Questions and negation are marked by verb prefixes ''to-'' and ''te-'' (realized as ''tow-'' and ''te’-'' before vowels) respectively. | ||