Linguifex

Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
! rowspan=3 |
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|velph}} ("puppy")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veolp}} ("puppy")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|almh}} ("elm tree")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|alm}} ("elm tree")
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | indefinite
! colspan=2 | indefinite
Line 634: Line 634:
|-
|-
! direct
! direct
| velph
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lp
| velph<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| a
| a
| angh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| ang<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| almh
| alm
| almh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| alm<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
|-
! genitive
! genitive
| velph<span style="color:red">s</span>
| velp<span style="color:red">s</span>
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| ve<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| a<span style="color:red">z</span>
| a<span style="color:red">z</span>
Line 670: Line 670:
|-
|-
! direct
! direct
| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>elph
| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lp
| hìnhar velph<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hìnhar velp<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a
| hìnhar angh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hìnhar ang<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>almh
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm
| hìnhar almh<span style="color:red">ar</span>
| hìnhar alm<span style="color:red">ar</span>
|-
|-
! genitive
! genitive
| hiz velph<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hiz velp<span style="color:red">s</span>
| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| hionh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">o</span>lph
| hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span>
| hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span>
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{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}}
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}}


While both ''a'' and ''almh'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal.
While both ''a'' and ''alm'' appear irregular, they are not so, as the forms are entirely expected. ''a'' comes from older ''ang'', the nasal being lost in the direct singular, but preserved in other forms. The genitive singular taking -z is from eclipsis of the normal -s due to the roots' nasal.


The definite forms typically include a vocative, formed with the particle {{l|snon|a}} plus the direct form. These are excluded here as it is not a "true" case.
The definite forms typically include a vocative, formed with the particle {{l|snon|a}} plus the direct form. These are excluded here as it is not a "true" case.
Line 702: Line 702:
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Gaelic masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Gaelic masculine nouns|tall=yes}}
! rowspan=3 |
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|diá}} ("god")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|día}} ("god")
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! rowspan=11 class=separator |  
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|loch}} ("loch")
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|loch}} ("loch")
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|-
|-
! direct
! direct
| diá
| día
| diáth<span style="color:red">an</span>
| díath<span style="color:red">an</span>
| loch
| loch
| loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
| loch<span style="color:red">an</span>
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, original formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and imperative (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The original imperative is seemingly preserved as the impersonal form (hence the "-sc-"), later having the endings appended to it after they became generally leveled to a single regular pattern.


Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.


{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
| class=blank-end-row rowspan=3 colspan=5 |
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| tàl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| tàl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| tàl<span style="color:red">in</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">a</span>
| tàl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">d</span>àl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| as tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| as tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as tàl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


{{snon-conj|t|àl}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|mèl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
! class=outer colspan=2 |
! present
! past
! future
| class=blank-end-row rowspan=3 colspan=5 |
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| mèl(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| mèl<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| mèl<span style="color:red">in</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">a</span>
| mèl<span style="color:red">anist</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| i mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| i mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| as mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| as mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as mèl<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


{{snon-conj|m|èl}}
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}}
 
! class=outer colspan=2 |
{{snon-conj|à|gh}}
! present
! past
! future
| class=blank-end-row rowspan=3 colspan=5 |
|-
! colspan=2 | infinitive
| àgh(<span style="color:red">aich</span>)
| àgh<span style="color:red">adh</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">ast</span>
|-
! colspan=2 | participle
| àgh<span style="color:red">in</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">a</span>
| àgh<span style="color:red">anist</span>
|-
| class=separator colspan=9 |
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | positive
! colspan=2 | negative
|-
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
! class=secondary | personal
! class=secondary | impersonal
|-
! rowspan=4 | ind.
! class=secondary | pres.
| àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | past
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span>
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span>
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span>
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span>
|-
! rowspan=4 | cont.
! class=secondary | pres.
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'i <span style="color:blue">n'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
! rowspan=4 | perf.
! class=secondary | pres.
| as àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:red">ir</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | past
| as àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhir</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | fut.
| as àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:red">ist</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">ist</span> u
|-
! class=secondary | imp.
| as àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
| è h'as àgh<span style="color:green">sc</span><span style="color:red">adhist</span> u
|-
{{inflection-table-bottom}}


====''i-''negatives====
====''i-''negatives====
Line 982: Line 1,290:
{{snon-conj-i|b|ì|ev='}}
{{snon-conj-i|b|ì|ev='}}


====Suppletive verbs====
{{snon-conj-i|v|èr}}
There are very few known suppletive verbs in Scots Norse, the main one being the copula ''vèr'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.
{{snon-conj-vèr}}
"er" and "var" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrir" and "vèradhir" are also rather common.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 998: Line 1,303:
#Indirect object
#Indirect object


Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for "under" as in "i miùeghi" ("under construction", literally "in building").
Below is given two representations of the basic sentence "èthir mic hi màth".
 
[[File:"èthir mic hi màth" tree.png|Tree diagram for "èthir mic hi màth"]]


An example:


{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case
| er Agharsc Vheostnariòzc hionh hAghu.
| èthir mic hi màth.
| COP.PRES Scots_Norse.DIR West_Norse.DIR the.PL.GEN Hebrides.PL.GEN
| eat.PRES 1sg the food.DIR
| Scots Norse is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides
| I eat the food.
}}
}}
Prepositions are placed largely as in English, but the usage can often differ, eg. "i" ("in") goes before the direct object, but is also used for many other things, such as "under" in "under construction" ("i miùeghi", literally "in building").
Adjectives and genitives, much like in Gàidhlig, come after the noun, eg. "blòemh ròdh" for "red flower" and "blòemh mì" for "my flower".


===Questions and answers===
===Questions and answers===
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