Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

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Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:~~Morphophonology~~|~~morphophonology~~]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].

Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.

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Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.

==Development==

The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.

===Pre-Scots Norse===

This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse

*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables

*loss of gemination

*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/

*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/

*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r

*/ɣ/ > /g/

*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/)

*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/

*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu/ > /øː, oː/

*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels

*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)

*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/

===Sudrey Norse===

Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language.

*development of slender/broad/plain distinction

*front round vowels become slender back vowels

*short vowels > /ɪ, ɛ, ə, ʊ, ɔ/

*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/

*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.

*unstressed vowels to /ə/.

*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically<sup>?</sup>

===Modern Scots Norse===

*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds

**lenition: from being intervocalic

**eclipsis: from nasal clusters

*several palatalized sounds shift:

**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/

==Phonology==

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Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.

A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.

*red: the ending.

*blue: the mutation.

*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)

*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions)

===Nominals===

====Nouns====

Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.

Nouns ~~general~~ follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.

Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.

=====Masculines=====

The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 }}
-Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
+Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
 Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 Since the early 1990's, Scots Norse has gained a small but dedicated community of linguists that are determined to further document it and make resources more readily available. As of 2018, an online course has been published that goes over Standard Scots Norse, and it has been continually updated since then, improving the quality and extent of the contents, having started out as a rather barebones description of the phonology, orthography, and rudimentary grammar.
+==Development==
+The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists.
+===Pre-Scots Norse===
+This is the form of Scots Norse when it was still a dialect of Old Norse
+*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables
+*loss of gemination
+*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/
+*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/
+*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r
+*/ɣ/ > /g/
+*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/)
+*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/
+*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu/ > /øː, oː/
+*merger of mid-high and mid-low vowels
+*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways)
+*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/
+===Sudrey Norse===
+Sudrey Norse, also occasionally called "Middle Scots Norse", is the stage directly before Modern, it is in no way intelligible with the modern language.
+*development of slender/broad/plain distinction
+*front round vowels become slender back vowels
+*short vowels > /ɪ, ɛ, ə, ʊ, ɔ/
+*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/
+*loss of /ə/ between two sonorants (such as /jər/ > /ir/), unless part of an inflectional ending.
+*unstressed vowels to /ə/.
+*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ intervocalically<sup>?</sup>
+===Modern Scots Norse===
+*mutations develop through the loss of word final sounds
+**lenition: from being intervocalic
+**eclipsis: from nasal clusters
+*several palatalized sounds shift:
+**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 583: / Line 619: @@
 Most parts of speech are split among three "types" or "classes" based on the mutation they cause in the following word, these are called "radical", "lenite", and "eclipse", and they generally don't affect the word itself. Verbs form the primary exception, as they very consistently follow a single pattern, with the dictionary form (the infinitive) always being a lenite.
+A set of colors will be applied within the tables here, each color highlighting a specific thing.
+*red: the ending.
+*blue: the mutation.
+*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs)
+*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions)
 ===Nominals===
 ====Nouns====
 Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}.
-Nouns general follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.
+Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers.
 =====Masculines=====
 The following set of tables will display a few examples of the native masculine pattern.