Scots Norse: Difference between revisions
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The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists. | The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists. | ||
===Pre-Scots Norse=== | ===Pre-Scots Norse=== | ||
*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables | *lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables | ||
*loss of gemination of non-sonorants. | *loss of gemination of non-sonorants. | ||
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*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/ | */θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/ | ||
*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, oː, eː/ | *diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, oː, eː/ | ||
*merger of | *merger of /ɛ/ and /e/ | ||
*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways) | *e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways) | ||
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ | */Cj/ > /Cʲ/ | ||
===Sudrey Norse=== | ===Sudrey Norse=== | ||
*/ɔ/ > /ɑ/ in the west, /ɔ/ > /o/ in the eadt. | |||
*development of slender/broad/plain distinction | *development of slender/broad/plain distinction | ||
*front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel | *front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel | ||
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*long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/ | *long vowels > /i, e, ɑ, u, o/ | ||
*(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants. | *(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants. | ||
*unstressed vowels to /ə/. | *unstressed vowels to /ə/. | ||
*/r/ becomes /ɾ/ | *sandhi effects develop through word final sounds | ||
**lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?) | |||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑː.ɡʲə/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ʝə/ | |||
**eclipsis: from nasal clusters | |||
*By the end of Sudrey Norse, /jɔ, jo, jʊ, ju/ have become /ʌ, ɤ, ɯ̽, ɯ/. | |||
*global /h/-/x/ merger | |||
===Modern Scots Norse=== | ===Modern Scots Norse=== | ||
*/ʝ/ general shifts to /j/ | |||
**Quickly following, sequences of /jɪ, ji/ are shortened to /ɪ, i/, often causing hiatus. | |||
*/v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/. | */v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/. | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|svartr}} /ˈswɑr.tr̩/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|svarta}} /ˈsvəɾ.tə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|sfart}} /ˈsfəɾt/ | ::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|svartr}} /ˈswɑr.tr̩/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|svarta}} /ˈsvəɾ.tə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|sfart}} /ˈsfəɾt/ | ||
*(Eastern) Loss of all gemination. | *(Eastern) Loss of all gemination. | ||
*Probably under outside influence, /θ, ð/ merge with /x, ɣ/. | |||
*The environments causing sandhi are lost, grammaticalizing the effects. | |||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|ríki}} /ˈriː.ki/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|rìci}} /ˈɾi.çə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|rìch}} /ˈɾiç/ | |||
*several palatalized sounds shift: | *several palatalized sounds shift: | ||
**/s, z, n, l, k, g, | **/s, z, n, l, k, g, x, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ʝ/ | ||
*/ɣ/ goes silent when word final, after a back vowel, or between two of the same vowel. /j/ also goes silent between two of the same vowel. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=3 | | ||
! colspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | front | ||
! colspan=2 | | ! colspan=4 | back | ||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | unround | |||
! colspan=2 | round | |||
|- | |- | ||
! short | |||
! long | |||
! short | ! short | ||
! long | ! long | ||
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| ɪ | | ɪ | ||
| i | | i | ||
| | | ɯ̽ | ||
| ɯ | |||
| ʊ | |||
| u | | u | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ɛ | | ɛ | ||
| e | | e | ||
| ʌ | |||
| ɤ | |||
| ɔ | | ɔ | ||
| o | | o | ||
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Loan words typically keep their original stress, with vowels being made "long" as necessary to keep the stress patterning functional, such as in {{l|snon|bambù}} /bəm.ˈbu/ and {{l|snon|halò}} /xə.ˈɫo/. | Loan words typically keep their original stress, with vowels being made "long" as necessary to keep the stress patterning functional, such as in {{l|snon|bambù}} /bəm.ˈbu/ and {{l|snon|halò}} /xə.ˈɫo/. | ||
==Mutation== | ==Mutation== | ||
Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning. | Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning. | ||