Scots Norse: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name=Scots Norse | |name=Scots Norse | ||
|nativename= | |nativename=Aghiarsc | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation=ˈɑ.ɪɾsk | ||
|ethnicity=Norse Scots | |ethnicity=Norse Scots | ||
|states=[[w:Outer Hebrides|Aghar]] | |states=[[w:Outer Hebrides|Aghar]] | ||
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|created=April 3rd, 2026 | |created=April 3rd, 2026 | ||
|setting= | |setting= | ||
|stand1={{l|snon| | |stand1={{l|snon|Aghiarsc Shorchas}} | ||
|dia1=[[Eastern Scots Norse|Eastern]] | |dia1=[[Eastern Scots Norse|Eastern]] | ||
|dia2=[[Western Scots Norse|Western]] | |dia2=[[Western Scots Norse|Western]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon| | Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Aghiarsc}} /ˈɑ.ɪɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] and [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphology|morphology]] and [[w:Phonology|phonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]]. | ||
Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse. | Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these being ''Western'' and ''Eastern'' Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse. | ||
Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called '' | Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Aghiarsc Shorchas'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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===Pre-Scots Norse=== | ===Pre-Scots Norse=== | ||
*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables | *lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables | ||
*loss of gemination of non-sonorants. | */ɔ/ > /ø/ | ||
*loss of gemination of non-sonorants. Geminated sonorants are also shortened when word-final. | |||
*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/ | *final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/ | ||
*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/ | *final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/ | ||
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*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/) | */w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f], thus "arfa" [ɑr.vɑ] > [ɑr.fə] (modern /əɾf/) | ||
*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/ | */θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/ | ||
*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, | *diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, øː, eː/ | ||
*merger of /ɛ/ and /e/ | *merger of /ɛ/ and /e/ | ||
*e > ja occasionally when Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways) | *e > ja occasionally when from Proto-Germanic *e (typically becomes ja in Old Norse anyways) | ||
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ | */Cj/ > /Cʲ/ | ||
*Word-final nasals to /N/, which defaults to /n/ but seems to freely assimilate to whatever follows it. | |||
===Sudrey Norse=== | ===Sudrey Norse=== | ||
*/ | *unstressed vowels to /ə/. | ||
*(Eastern only) /ɑ(ː)/ > /æ(ː)/ | |||
*development of slender/broad/plain distinction | *development of slender/broad/plain distinction | ||
*front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel | *front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel | ||
*(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants. | *(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants. | ||
*sandhi effects develop through word final sounds | *sandhi effects develop through word final sounds | ||
**lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?) | **lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?) | ||
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**eclipsis: from nasal clusters | **eclipsis: from nasal clusters | ||
*By the end of Sudrey Norse, /jɔ, jo, jʊ, ju/ have become /ʌ, ɤ, ɯ̽, ɯ/. | *By the end of Sudrey Norse, /jɔ, jo, jʊ, ju/ have become /ʌ, ɤ, ɯ̽, ɯ/. | ||
*several palatalized sounds shift: | |||
**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, x, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ç, ʝ/ | |||
*global /h/-/x/ merger | *global /h/-/x/ merger | ||
===Modern Scots Norse=== | ===Modern Scots Norse=== | ||
*/ʝ/ general shifts to /j/ | */ʝ/ general shifts to /j/ | ||
*/gl, lg/ > /l/, with the lost /g/ shifting the vowel to a back unround. | |||
**Quickly following, sequences of /jɪ, ji/ are shortened to /ɪ, i/, often causing hiatus. | **Quickly following, sequences of /jɪ, ji/ are shortened to /ɪ, i/, often causing hiatus. | ||
*/v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/. | */v/ > /f/ next to voiceless fricatives, such as /sv/ > /sf/. | ||
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*The environments causing sandhi are lost, grammaticalizing the effects. | *The environments causing sandhi are lost, grammaticalizing the effects. | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|ríki}} /ˈriː.ki/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|rìci}} /ˈɾi.çə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|rìch}} /ˈɾiç/ | ::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|ríki}} /ˈriː.ki/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|rìci}} /ˈɾi.çə/ > <small>ScNo.</small> {{l|snon|rìch}} /ˈɾiç/ | ||
*/ɣ/ goes silent when word final, after a back vowel, or between two of the same vowel. /j/ also goes silent between two of the same vowel. | */ɣ/ goes silent when word final, after a back vowel, or between two of the same vowel. /j/ also goes silent between two of the same vowel. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! High | ! High | ||
| i | | i | ||
| | | iː | ||
| ɯ | | ɯ | ||
| | | ɯː | ||
| u | | u | ||
| uː | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
| e | | e | ||
| | | eː | ||
| ɤ | | ɤ | ||
| | | ɤː | ||
| o | | o | ||
| oː | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ɑ | | ɑ | ||
| ɑː | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||