Scots Norse: Difference between revisions
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The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists. | The development of Scots Norse is one of the best understood aspects of the language, owing to its extreme divergence being an interest to linguists. | ||
===Pre-Scots Norse=== | ===Pre-Scots Norse=== | ||
*/ɣ/ > /g/ | |||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|aga}} /ɑ.ɣɑ/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑ.ɡɑ/ (later /ɑː.ɡə/) | |||
*/rl/ > /lː/ | |||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|jarl}} /jɑrl/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /jɑlː/ (later /jɑl/) | |||
*lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables | *lengthening of stressed vowels in open syllables | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|beðr}} /be.ðr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /beː.ðr̩/ (later /beː.də/) | |||
*/ɔ/ > /ø/ | */ɔ/ > /ø/ | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|nǫs}} /nɔs/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /nøs/ | |||
*loss of gemination of non-sonorants. Geminated sonorants are also shortened when word-final. | *loss of gemination of non-sonorants. Geminated sonorants are also shortened when word-final. | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|þykkr}} /θyk.kr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /θy.kr̩/ (later /ty.kə/) | |||
*final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/ | *final /r̩/ and nominal singular /ɑr, ir/ > /ə/ | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|askr}} /ɑs.kr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑs.kə/ | |||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|systir}} /sys.tir/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /sys.tə/ | |||
*final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/ | *final front vowels > /ʲə/, final back vowels to /ə/ | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|bogi}} /bo.ɡi/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /boː.ɡʲə/ | |||
*hl, hv, hr > l, v, r | *hl, hv, hr > l, v, r | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|hvelpr}} /hwel.pr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /vel.pə/ | |||
*/w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f] | */w/ > /v/, causing /f/ [v] to merge back with [f]. | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|vestr}} /wes.tr̩/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ves.tə/ | |||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|arfa}} [ɑr.vɑ] > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> [ɑr.fɑ] | |||
*/θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/ | */θ, ð/ > /t, d/, with a few cases of /θ, ð/ > /f, v/ | ||
*diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, øː, eː/ | *diphthong flattening, /øy, ɒu, ɛi/ > /øː, øː, eː/ | ||
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*front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel | *front round vowels break to /jV/, where /V/ is a round back vowel | ||
*(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants. | *(Western only) Loss of all gemination, including sonorants. | ||
*sandhi effects develop | *sandhi effects develop | ||
**lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?) | **lenition: from being intervocalic (/r/ becomes /ɾ/?) | ||
::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑː.ɡʲə/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ʝə/ | ::<small>ON.</small> {{l|non|agi}} /ˈɑ.ɣi/ > <small>Pre-ScNo.</small> /ɑː.ɡʲə/ > <small>SuNo.</small> {{l|sdno|àgi}} /ˈɑ.ʝə/ | ||
**eclipsis: from nasal clusters | **eclipsis: from nasal clusters | ||
*By the end of Sudrey Norse, / | *By the end of Sudrey Norse, /jo(ː), ju(ː)/ have become /ɤ(ː), ɯ(ː)/. | ||
*several palatalized sounds shift: | *several palatalized sounds shift: | ||
**/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, x, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ç, ʝ/ | **/s, z, n, l, k, g, h, x, ɣ/ > /ʃ, ʒ, ɲ, ʎ, c, ɟ, ç, ç, ʝ/ | ||
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*blue: the mutation. | *blue: the mutation. | ||
*green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs) | *green: the impersonal infix. (for verbs) | ||
*purple: the mutation within the ending. (for prepositions) | *purple: the mutation within the ending. (for nouns and prepositions) | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}. | Scots Norse nouns decline for three cases (direct, genitive, and dative), two genders (masculine and feminine), and two numbers (singular and plural). The direct comes from the merging of the nominative and the accusative, the two having fell together due to sound changes. The definite forms distinctive of the Nordic languages have been dropped in favor of the standalone article {{l|snon|hi}}. | ||
Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers. | Nouns generally follow two patterns, which themselves are incredibly similar, the only true distinction being the direct plural, which is -ar in the masculine and -ir in the feminine. Another distinction is the direct singular, where the coda can appear broad in slender roots, such as {{l|snon|bèodh}}, with a root of ''bèdh-'', though this distinction only really exists for elder speakers. | ||
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{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}} | {{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=Native masculine nouns|tall=yes}} | ||
! rowspan=3 | | ! rowspan=3 | | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon| | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|veálp}} ("puppy") | ||
! rowspan=11 class=separator | | ! rowspan=11 class=separator | | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance") | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|snon|a}} ("fragrance") | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! direct | ! direct | ||
| | | velp <sup>L</sup> | ||
| velp<span style="color:red"> | | velp<span style="color:red">ear</span> | ||
| a | | a <sup>E</sup> | ||
| ang<span style="color:red">ar</span> | | ang<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
| alm | | alm <sup>L</sup> | ||
| alm<span style="color:red">ar</span> | | alm<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| velp<span style="color:red">s</span> | | velp<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| ve<span style="color:red"> | | ve<span style="color:red">á</span>l<span style="color:purple">ph</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| a<span style="color:red">z</span> | | a<span style="color:red">z</span> | ||
| | | a<span style="color:purple">ngh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| al<span style="color:red">z</span> | | al<span style="color:red">z</span> | ||
| | | al<span style="color:purple">mh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dative | ! dative | ||
| | | vel<span style="color:purple">ph</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| | | vel<span style="color:purple">ph</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| a<span style="color:red"> | | a<span style="color:red">i</span><span style="color:purple">ngh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| | | a<span style="color:purple">ngh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| a<span style="color:red"> | | a<span style="color:red">i</span>l<span style="color:purple">mh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| | | al<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! direct | ! direct | ||
| hi <span style="color:blue">b</span> | | hi <span style="color:blue">b</span>elp <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hìnhar velp<span style="color:red"> | | hìnhar velp<span style="color:red">ear</span> | ||
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a | | hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a <sup>E</sup> | ||
| hìnhar ang<span style="color:red">ar</span> | | hìnhar ang<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
| hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm | | hi <span style="color:blue">n'</span>alm <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hìnhar alm<span style="color:red">ar</span> | | hìnhar alm<span style="color:red">ar</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| hiz velp<span style="color:red">s</span> | | hiz velp<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| | | hiánh <span style="color:blue">vh</span>e<span style="color:red">á</span>l<span style="color:purple">ph</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span> | | hiz a<span style="color:red">z</span> | ||
| | | hiánh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>a<span style="color:purple">ngh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hiz al<span style="color:red">z</span> | | hiz al<span style="color:red">z</span> | ||
| | | hiánh <span style="color:blue">h'</span>al<span style="color:purple">mh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dative | ! dative | ||
| hình <span style="color:blue">b</span> | | hình <span style="color:blue">b</span>el<span style="color:purple">ph</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">b</span> | | hìnhu <span style="color:blue">b</span>el<span style="color:purple">ph</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>ngh | | hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span><span style="color:purple">ngh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span> | | hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:purple">ngh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span> | | hình <span style="color:blue">n'</span>a<span style="color:red">e</span>l<span style="color:purple">mh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span> | | hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n'</span>al<span style="color:purple">mh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}} | {{inflection-table-bottom|notes={{{15|}}}}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! direct | ! direct | ||
| | | dia <sup>L</sup> | ||
| | | diath<span style="color:red">an</span> | ||
| loch | | loch | ||
| loch<span style="color:red">an</span> | | loch<span style="color:red">an</span> | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| | | dia<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| | | dia<span style="color:purple">dh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| loch<span style="color:red">s</span> | | loch<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| loch | | loch <sup>L</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dative | ! dative | ||
| | | dia<span style="color:red">i</span><span style="color:purple">dh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| | | dia<span style="color:purple">dh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| lo<span style="color:red"> | | lo<span style="color:red">i</span>ch <sup>L</sup> | ||
| loch<span style="color:red">u</span> | | loch<span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! direct | ! direct | ||
| hi <span style="color:blue">n</span> | | hi <span style="color:blue">n</span>ia <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hìnhar | | hìnhar diath<span style="color:red">an</span> | ||
| hi loch | | hi loch | ||
| hìnhar loch<span style="color:red">an</span> | | hìnhar loch<span style="color:red">an</span> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| hiz | | hiz dia<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span> | | hionh <span style="color:blue">dh</span>ia<span style="color:purple">dh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hiz loch<span style="color:red">s</span> | | hiz loch<span style="color:red">s</span> | ||
| hionh loch | | hionh loch <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hiz | | hiz | ||
| hionh | | hionh | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dative | ! dative | ||
| hình <span style="color:blue">n</span> | | hình <span style="color:blue">n</span>ia<span style="color:red">i</span><span style="color:purple">dh</span> <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span> | | hìnhu <span style="color:blue">n</span>ía<span style="color:purple">dh</span><span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| hình lo<span style="color:red"> | | hình lo<span style="color:red">i</span>ch <sup>L</sup> | ||
| hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span> | | hìnhu loch<span style="color:red">u</span> <sup>E</sup> | ||
| hình | | hình | ||
| hìnhu | | hìnhu | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and | Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The mediopassive became the future and conditional (the mood distinction in the mediopassive largely having already collapsed in Old Norse). The reciprocal, originally formed through the mediopassive, has entirely been replaced by {{l|snon|hinhar}}. The impersonal {{l|snon|-t-}} likely descends from a reduced form of Old Norse ''þat'', the development similar to English ''it'' as an impersonal pronoun. | ||
The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2. | The reduction of verbs to such a limited number of forms led to analogy that leveled them all down to essentially two patterns (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descend from Old Norse's weak class 2. | ||
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{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | {{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|tàl}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | ||
! colspan=2 | infinitive | ! colspan=2 | infinitive | ||
| colspan=4 | tàl(<span style="color:red"> | | colspan=4 | tàl(<span style="color:red">áich</span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | pres. part. | ! colspan=2 | pres. part. | ||
| colspan=4 | tàl<span style="color:red"> | | colspan=4 | tàl<span style="color:red">áin</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | past part. | ! colspan=2 | past part. | ||
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! rowspan=4 | ind. | ! rowspan=4 | ind. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">áir</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áir</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">aidhir</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhir</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">áist</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áist</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">aidhist</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhist</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">áireu</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áireu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">aidhireu</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhireu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">áisteu</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áisteu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">áiriò</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áiriò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">áistiò</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">áistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áistiò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| tàl<span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span> | ||
| tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | tàl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">th</span>àl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | imp. | ! colspan=2 | imp. | ||
| Line 1,341: | Line 1,353: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | past part. | ! colspan=2 | past part. | ||
| colspan=4 | mèl<span style="color:red"> | | colspan=4 | mèl<span style="color:red">eadh</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| class=separator colspan=9 | | | class=separator colspan=9 | | ||
| Line 1,362: | Line 1,374: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhir</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhir</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| Line 1,374: | Line 1,386: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhist</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhist</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">ireu</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">ireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">ireu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhireu</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhireu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">isteu</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">isteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">isteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">isteu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhisteu</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhisteu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">iriò</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">iriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">iriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">iriò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhiriò</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhiriò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">istiò</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">istiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">istiò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| mèl<span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:red">eaidhistiò</span> | ||
| mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | mèl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:red">eaidhistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">mh</span>èl<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">eaidhistiò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | imp. | ! colspan=2 | imp. | ||
| Line 1,439: | Line 1,451: | ||
{{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | {{inflection-table-top|title=Conjugation of {{l|snon|àgh}}|palette=blue|tall=yes}} | ||
! colspan=2 | infinitive | ! colspan=2 | infinitive | ||
| colspan=4 | àgh(<span style="color:red"> | | colspan=4 | àgh(<span style="color:red">áich</span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | pres. part. | ! colspan=2 | pres. part. | ||
| colspan=4 | àgh<span style="color:red"> | | colspan=4 | àgh<span style="color:red">áin</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | past part. | ! colspan=2 | past part. | ||
| Line 1,460: | Line 1,472: | ||
! rowspan=4 | ind. | ! rowspan=4 | ind. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">áir</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áir</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">aidhir</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhir</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhir</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">áist</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áist</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">aidhist</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhist</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhist</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | cont. | ! rowspan=4 | cont. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">áireu</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áireu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">aidhireu</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhireu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhireu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">áisteu</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áisteu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhisteu</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=4 | perf. | ! rowspan=4 | perf. | ||
! class=secondary | pres. | ! class=secondary | pres. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">áiriò</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áiriò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | past | ! class=secondary | past | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhiriò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fut. | ! class=secondary | fut. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">áistiò</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">áistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">áistiò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | cond. | ! class=secondary | cond. | ||
| àgh<span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span> | ||
| àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span> | ||
| è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red"> | | è <span style="color:blue">h'</span>àgh<span style="color:green">t</span><span style="color:red">aidhistiò</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | imp. | ! colspan=2 | imp. | ||
| Line 1,780: | Line 1,792: | ||
===Questions and answers=== | ===Questions and answers=== | ||
Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è | Scots Norse lacks a true equivalent to "no", the closest thing being "è" ("not"), which can often be used on it's own when a form of "be" + "not" suffices for an answer, as in: | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(3)|abbreviations=DIR:direct case | ||
| vàrt mèlir tic vidmì? | | vàrt mèlir tic vidmì? | ||
| Line 1,787: | Line 1,799: | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number= (3.1)|indent=6 | {{interlinear|lang=snon|number= (3.1)|indent=6 | ||
| | | è | ||
| NEG | | NEG | ||
| I won't | | I won't | ||
| Line 2,015: | Line 2,027: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!4 | !4 | ||
|{{l|snon| | |{{l|snon|feòr}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!5 | !5 | ||
| Line 2,021: | Line 2,033: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!6 | !6 | ||
|{{l|snon| | |{{l|snon|seach}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!7 | !7 | ||
|{{l|snon| | |{{l|snon|seò}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!8 | !8 | ||
| Line 2,030: | Line 2,042: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!9 | !9 | ||
|{{l|snon| | |{{l|snon|neù}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!10 | !10 | ||
|{{l|snon| | |{{l|snon|teù}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!11 | !11 | ||
|{{l|snon| | |{{l|snon|eliáfh}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
!12 | !12 | ||
|{{l|snon| | |{{l|snon|tòlf}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Colors=== | ===Colors=== | ||
{{Table:colors/snon}} | {{Table:colors/snon}} | ||