Ancient Tevvic: Difference between revisions
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==Development== | ==Development== | ||
*/ə/ > /i/ | */ə/ > /i/ | ||
*/x/ > /h/ | */x/ > /h/, seems to remain /x/ before other consonants, especially fricatives. | ||
*/r/ > /ɹ~ɻ/ | */r/ > /ɹ~ɻ/ | ||
*/c, ɟ/ > /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ | */c, ɟ/ > /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ | ||
*/wu/ > /u/ | */wu/ > /u/ | ||
*/VjV, VwV/ > /V:/ | */VjV, VwV/ > /V:/ | ||
*unstressed /i, u, ɑ/ > /ə/, leaving /ʲ, ʷ/ on following consonant, with the last turning consonants retroflex ( | *unstressed /i, u, ɑ/ > /ə/, leaving /ʲ, ʷ/ on following consonant, with the last turning consonants retroflex (/ɻ, j, w/ or affricates) | ||
** this palatal/labialization often affects the vowel and is then dropped | ** this palatal/labialization often affects the vowel and is then dropped | ||
*/ə/ lost where new clusters are easy | */ə/ lost where new clusters are easy | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
This first table is the set of "primary" vowels | This first table is the set of "primary" vowels. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align:center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align:center;" | ||
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This second table is the set of "altered" vowels, containing the front rounds and central vowels. These repurpose the anusvara as a quality modifier | This second table is the set of "altered" vowels, containing the front rounds and central vowels. These repurpose the anusvara as a quality modifier. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align:center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align:center;" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Stress is marked through the udatta, such as {{lang|tevo|प॑}} ({{xlit|tevo|प॑}}), though the anudatta is common for tall symbols (as in "{{lang|tevo|पे॒}}" ({{xlit|tevo|"पे॒"}})) | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
All inflectable terms follow one of three stress patterns, ''acrostatic'' (initial stress), ''mesostatic'' (stressed ending), or ''kinetic''. ''kinetic'' stress originally entailed a moving stress, where it was acrostatic in some forms, but mesostatic in others, this "moving" stress has been leveled out, but the phonological effects remain, as in | All inflectable terms follow one of three stress patterns, ''acrostatic'' (initial stress), ''mesostatic'' (stressed ending), or ''kinetic''. ''kinetic'' stress originally entailed a moving stress, where it was acrostatic in some forms, but mesostatic in others, this "moving" stress has been leveled out, but the phonological effects remain, as in {{lang|tevo|मंहः॑}} (mạháh) but {{lang|tevo|मंगः॑}} (mạgáh). | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nominals decline based on roughly 4 categories, those being ''number'', ''case'', ''gender'' (adjectives), and ''possessor'' (nouns). Noun roots may be derived for different genders, often for a semantic change. | Nominals decline based on roughly 4 categories, those being ''number'', ''case'', ''gender'' (adjectives), and ''possessor'' (nouns). Noun roots may be derived for different genders, often for a semantic change. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | 1st | ! colspan=2 | 1st | ||
| {{l|tevo|-मै|tr=(- | | {{l|tevo|-मै|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|tevo|(-मै)}}</small></span>}} | ||
| {{l|tevo|-अंः|tr=(- | | {{l|tevo|-अंः|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|tevo|(-अंः)}}</small></span>}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | 2nd | ! colspan=2 | 2nd | ||
| {{l|tevo|-तै|tr=(- | | {{l|tevo|-तै|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|tevo|(-तै)}}</small></span>}} | ||
| {{l|tevo|-ऑः|tr=(- | | {{l|tevo|-ऑः|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|tevo|(-ऑः)}}</small></span>}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=3 | 3rd | ! rowspan=3 | 3rd | ||
! class=secondary | masc./neut. | ! class=secondary | masc./neut. | ||
| {{l|tevo|-णंः|tr=(- | | {{l|tevo|-णंः|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|tevo|(-णंः)}}</small></span>}} | ||
| {{l|tevo|-नैसां|tr=(- | | {{l|tevo|-नैसां|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|tevo|(-नैसां)}}</small></span>}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! class=secondary | fem. | ! class=secondary rowspan=2 | fem. | ||
| {{l|tevo|-णंष्याः|tr=(- | | {{l|tevo|-णंष्याः|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|tevo|(-णंष्याः)}}</small></span>}} | ||
| {{l|tevo|-नीसां|tr=(- | | {{l|tevo|-नीसां|tr=<span style="color:grey"><small>{{xlit|tevo|(-नीसां)}}</small></span>}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=}} | {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=}} | ||
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{{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=a-stem masculine nouns (acrostatic)|tall=yes}} | {{inflection-table-top|palette=blue|title=a-stem masculine nouns (acrostatic)|tall=yes}} | ||
! rowspan=2 class=outer | | ! rowspan=2 class=outer | | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|tevo| | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|tevo|उ॑ल्फंः}} | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|tevo| | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|tevo|फ॑ह्रंः}} | ||
! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|tevo| | ! colspan=2 class=outer | {{l|tevo|}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! singular | ! singular | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nominative | ! nominative | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo| उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ंः}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ạh</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ॉः}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">oh</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ंः}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ạh</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ॉः}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">oh</span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! vocative | ! vocative | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|्}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ॉः}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">oh</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|्}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ॉः}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">oh</span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! accusative | ! accusative | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">a</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ः}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ah</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">a</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ः}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ah</span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! allative | ! allative | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ौर्}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ōr</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ह्र्}}</span>(úlph<span style="color:red">ahr</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ौर्}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ōr</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ह्र्}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ahr</span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! genitive | ! genitive | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ंः}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ạh</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ां}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ạ̄</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ंः}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ạh</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ां}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ạ̄h</span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ablative | ! ablative | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ॅच्}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ec</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ः}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ah</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ॅच्}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ec</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ः}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ah</span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dative | ! dative | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ै}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ē</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ैसॉ}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ēso</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ै}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ē</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ैसॉ}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ēso</span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! instrumental | ! instrumental | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ॉ}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">o</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|उ॑ल्फ}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ंः}}</span> (úlph<span style="color:red">ạh</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ॉ}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">o</span>) | ||
| | | {{lang|tevo|फ॑ह्र}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|ंः}}</span> (pháhr<span style="color:red">ạh</span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
| <span style="color:red"></span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | | {{lang|tevo|}}<span style="color:red">{{lang|tevo|}}</span> (<span style="color:red"></span>) | ||
|- | |- | ||
{{inflection-table-bottom|notes=}} | {{inflection-table-bottom|notes=}} | ||