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[[Category:Chlesamnic language family]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Language families]][[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
{{infobox language family
{{infobox language family
|name=Chlesamnic
|name=Chlesamnic
Line 36: Line 35:
*'''Chlesamnic'''
*'''Chlesamnic'''
**'''West Chlesamnic'''
**'''West Chlesamnic'''
***'''Low Polovic'''
***'''Low Polovic''' (including [[Low Polovic|Standard Low Polovic]])
****[[Volga Polovic]]
****[[Volga Polovic]]
****[[Azov Polovic]]
****[[Azov Polovic]]
****[[Dobruja Polovic]]
****[[Dobruja Polovic]]
***'''High Polovic'''
***'''High Polovic'''
***[[Caucasian Polovic]]
****[[Caucasian Polovic]]
***[[Balkan Thadic]]†
****[[Balkan Thadic]]†
**'''East Chlesamnic'''
**'''East Chlesamnic'''
***'''Kolasian'''
***'''Kolasian'''
Line 53: Line 52:
**'''North Chlesamnic'''
**'''North Chlesamnic'''
**'''South Chlesamnic'''
**'''South Chlesamnic'''
</div>
===West Chlesamnic===
===West Chlesamnic===
===East Chlesamnic===
===East Chlesamnic===
Line 59: Line 59:
==History==
==History==
==Typology==
==Typology==
Earlier attested languages such as Old Thadish, Old Low Polovic, Ancient Tevvic, and Kolasian have been instrumental to comparative linguistics, as they exhibit many shared features that have been lost or altered in their modern descendants. Using those languages, a number of shared typological features can be identified.
Earlier attested languages such as [[Old Thadish]], [[Old Low Polovic]], [[Ancient Tevvic]], and [[Kolasian]] have been instrumental to [[w:Comparative method|comparative linguistics]], as they exhibit many shared characteristics that have been lost or altered in their modern descendants. Using those languages, a number of shared typological features can be identified.
===Grammar===
===Grammar===
*Largely suffix-based fusional morphology
*[[w:Nominative-Accusative alignment|Nominative-Accusative alignment]]
*[[w:Subject–object–verb word order|Subject-object-verb (SOV) word order]]
* 8-9 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical cases]]
**Nominative
**Vocative
**Accusative
**Allative (a post-PIE innovation)
**Genitive
**Ablative
**Dative (merged with the PIE locative)
**Instrumental
**Comitative (a post-PIE innovation, unclear if it was a shared Chlesamnic or High Polovic innovation)
*Three grammatical genders
**Masculine
**Feminine (High Polovic would merge the feminine into the masculine by the time of the first written records)
**Neuter
*Absence of the [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual number]]
*Synthetic [[w:subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]]
*Synthetic [[w:future tense|future tense]]
*Synthetic [[w:passive voice|passive voice]]
*Verbal class system reminiscent to that of the Germanic languages
**a Strong class of verbs that formed their preterites by reduplication and changes to the stem vowel according to seven patterns
**a Weak class of verbs that formed their preterites by means of a dental suffix
**a So-called preterite-present class whose present tense shows the form of the strong preterite
*[[w:Adposition|Postpositions]] as opposed to prepositions
*[[w:Clitic|Clitics]] for uses such as marking pronominal possession and verbal objects and introducing subordinate clauses
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-style:italic;"
|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" | reconstructed a-stem endings
|-
!
! singular
! plural
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Nominative
| *-as
| rowspan="2" | *-os
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Vocative
| *-Ø
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Accusative
| rowspan="2" | *-am
| *-ams
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Nom./Voc./Acc. ({{abbtip|neuter gender|n.}})
| *-ā ~ *-ams
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Allative
| *-aur
| *-arus
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Genitive
| *-as
| *-ôm
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Ablative
| *-eť
| *-ams
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Dative
| *-ai
| *-aisu
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Instrumental
| *-o
| *-am(i)s
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | Comitative
| *-wam ~ *-oham
| ?
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-style:italic;"
|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" | reconstructed present-active endings
|-
!
! singular
! plural
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | 1st person
| *-o
| *-(a)mas
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | 2nd person
| *-asi
| *-(a)θ
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal;" | 3rd person
| *-aθi
| *-anθi
|}
</div>
===Phonology===
===Phonology===
===Lexicography===
===Lexicography===
The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Chlesamnic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Proto-Chleslamic
! Ancient Tevvic
! colspan="2" | Kolasian
! Old Thadish
! Old Low Polovic
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*ať}}<br />''"I"''
| {{l|tevo|अ॑च्|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|अ॑च्}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|ѣк̑ъ}}<br />(''ěk’'')
| {{lang|plld|атъ}}<br />(''at'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*θū}}<br />''"thou"''
| {{l|tevo|थू॑|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|थू॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|ѳꙋ}}<br />(''θu'')
| {{lang|plld|бꙋ}}<br />(''bu'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*wais}}<br />''"we"''
| {{l|tevo|वैः॑|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|वैः॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|ѵѣ}}<br />(''wě'')
| {{lang|plld|вѣсъ}}<br />(''věs'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*yūs}}<br />''"you"''
| {{l|tevo|युः॑|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|यूः॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|юу}}<br />(''ju'')
| {{lang|plld|юусъ}}<br />(''jus'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*áinas}}<br />''"one"''
| {{l|tevo|ऐ॑णंः|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|ऐ॑णंः}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|ѣнѣ}}<br />(''ěně'')
| {{lang|plld|ѣнасъ}}<br />(''ěnas'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*θwai}}, {{lang|chle-pro|*θwes}}<br />''"two"''
| {{l|tevo|थ्वॅः॑|tr=-}}<br />(''{{xlit|tevo|थ्वॅः॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|ѳѵѣ}}, {{lang|thld|ѳꙋѣ}}<br />(''θwe'')
| {{lang|plld|бесъ}}<br />(''bes'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*θráyas}}<br />''"three"''
| {{l|tevo|ठाः॑|tr=-}}<br />(''{{xlit|tevo|ठाः॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|ѳрѣꙗ}}<br />(''θrěja'')
| {{lang|plld|браꙗсъ}}<br />(''brajas'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*hwas}}<br />''"who"''
| {{l|tevo|ह्वः॑|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|ह्वः॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|хѵѣ}}, {{lang|thld|хꙋѣ}}<br />(''xwě'')
| {{lang|plld|хасъ}}<br />(''xas'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*hwat}}<br />''"what"''
| {{l|tevo|ह्व॑त्|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|ह्व॑त्}}'')
| colspan="2" | —
| {{lang|thld|хѵѣтъ}}, {{lang|thld|хꙋѣтъ}}<br />(''xwět'')
| {{lang|plld|хатъ}}<br />(''xat'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*ahš}}, {{lang|chle-pro|*áham}}<br />''"eye"''
| {{l|tevo|अ॑ष|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|अ॑ष}}'')
| colspan="2" | ཨཧྨ<br />(''áhm'')
| {{lang|thld|ѣхѧ}}<br />(''ěxę̌'')
| {{lang|plld|ашѫ}}<br />(''ašǫ'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*óus}}, {{lang|chle-pro|*óusam}}<br />''"ear"''
| {{l|tevo|ऊ॑ष|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|ऊ॑ष}}'')
| colspan="2" | ཨོཨུས<br />(''óus'')
| {{lang|thld|ѻсѧ}}, {{lang|thld|ѡсѧ}}<br />(''osę̌'')
| {{lang|plld|ѡсѫ}}<br />(''ōsǫ'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*ốs}}, {{lang|chle-pro|*ốsam}}<br />''"mouth; lips"''
| {{l|tevo|औ॑ष|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|औ॑ष}}'')
| ཨཽས<br />(''ōs'')
| ཨཽསྨ<br />(''ōsm'')
| {{lang|thld|ѣсѧ}}<br />(''ěsę̌'')
| {{lang|plld|ꙋсѫ}}<br />(''usǫ'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*wánhas}}, {{lang|chle-pro|*wánham}}<br />''"cheek"''
| {{l|tevo|व॑ग्ग|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|व॑ग्ग}}'')
| colspan="2" | ཝངྶ<br />(''vángs'')
| {{lang|thld|ѵѣнхѧ}}, {{lang|thld|ꙋѣнхѧ}}<br />(''wěnxę̌'')
| {{lang|plld|вѫжѫ}}<br />(''vǫžǫ'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*nā́sā}}<br />''"nose; nostrils"''
| {{l|tevo|ना॑सा|tr=-}}</br>(''{{xlit|tevo|ना॑सा}}'')
| colspan="2" | ནས<br />(''nâs'')
| {{lang|thld|наса}}<br />(''nasa'')
| {{lang|plld|наса}}<br />(''nasa'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*rauδás}}<br />''"red"''
| {{l|tevo|रौधः॑|tr=-}}<br />(''{{xlit|tevo|रौधः॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | རཝྡས<br />(''ravdás'')
| {{lang|thld|рѣдѣ}}<br />(''rědě'')
| {{lang|plld|рѡбасъ}}<br />(''rōbas'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*halgwás}}<br />''"green; yellow"''
| {{l|tevo|षंल्ग्वः॑|tr=-}}<br />(''{{xlit|tevo|षंल्ग्वः॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | ཧགས྄<br />(''hagás'')
| {{lang|thld|хѣлгѵѣ}}, {{lang|thld|хѣлгꙋѣ}}<br />(''xělgwě'')
| {{lang|plld|жалгасъ}}<br />(''žalgas'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*hāzwás}}<br />''"blue"''
| {{l|tevo|हाज़्वः॑|tr=-}}<br />(''{{xlit|tevo|हाज़्वः॑}}'')
| colspan="2" | ཝས<br />(''vás'')
| {{lang|thld|хаꙁѵѣ}}, {{lang|thld|хаꙁꙋѣ}}<br />(''xazwě'')
| {{lang|plld|жаꙁвасъ}}<br />(''žazvas'')
|-
| {{lang|chle-pro|*θúsnas}}<br />''"brown"''
| {{l|tevo|थु॑नंः|tr=-}}<br />(''{{xlit|tevo|थु॑नंः}}'')
| colspan="2" | ཏུནས<br />(''túnås'')
| {{lang|thld|ѳѵꙑсѵѣ}}, {{lang|thld|ѳꙋꙑсꙋѣ}}<br />(''θwyswě'')
| {{lang|plld|бꙋснасъ}}<br />(''busnas'')
|}
[[Category:Chlesamnic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Language families]][[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Chlesamnic"