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TolsienO: Difference between revisions

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</poem>
</poem>


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have gender, number, and (most likely) definiteness (definite and indefinite articles).
====Gender====
====Gender====
There are two genders : masculine and feminine. Canonically, a neuter gender also existed, but has been absorbed by the masculine and the feminine. Gender is usually indicated with so-called thematic vowels, in the ending of a noun : the masculine has the thematic vowels -o- and -e-, although the latter is mostly found in adjectives (which agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify) ; the feminine has the thematic vowel -a-.
There are two genders : masculine and feminine. Canonically, a neuter gender also existed, but has been absorbed by the masculine and the feminine. Gender is usually indicated with so-called thematic vowels, in the ending of a noun : the masculine has the thematic vowels -o- and -e-, although the latter is mostly found in adjectives (which agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify) ; the feminine has the thematic vowel -a-.
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! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
|-
|-
| 1SG || -a || - || -a  
| 1SG || -a /a/ || - || -a /a/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -ac || -c || -ac
| 2SG || -ac /as/ || -c /s/ || -ac /as/
|-
|-
| 3SG || -at || -t || -at
| 3SG || -at /at/ || -t /t/ || -at /at/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -amw || -m || -mwc
| 1PL || -amw /amu/ || -m /t/ || -mwc /mus/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -atc || -tc || -tic
| 2PL || -atc /ats/ || -tc /m/ || -tic /tis/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -an || -n || -na
| 3PL || -an /an/ || -n /n/ || -na /na/
|-
|-
| 2POL || -e || -e || -e
| 2POL || -e /e/ || -e /e/ || -e /e/
|}
|}


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! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
|-
|-
| 1SG || -ta || -t || -ta
| 1SG || -ta /ta/ || -t /t/ || -ta /ta/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -tac || -tc || -tac
| 2SG || -tac /tas/ || -tc /ts/ || -tac /tas/
|-
|-
| 3SG || -tat || -ŧ || -tat
| 3SG || -tat /tat/ || -ŧ /t̚/ || -tat /tat/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -tamw || -tm || -tamo
| 1PL || -tamw /tamu/ || -tm /tm/ || -tamo /tamo/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -tatc || -ŧc || -tati
| 2PL || -tatc /tats/ || -ŧc /t̚s/ || -tati /tati/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -tan || -tn || -tana
| 3PL || -tan /tan/ || -tn /tn/ || -tana /tana/
|-
|-
| 2POL || -te || -te || -te
| 2POL || -te /te/ || -te /te/ || -te /te/
|}
|}
The imperfect past expresses an event or action that has not yet reached completion, and can be used as a background against which to anchor a reference point in time.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
|-
|-
| 1SG || -fa || -f || -fa  
| 1SG || -fa /fa/ || -f /f/ || -fa /fa/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -fac || -fc || -fac
| 2SG || -fac /fas/ || -fc /fs/ || -fac /fas/
|-
|-
| 3SG || -fat || -ft || -fat
| 3SG || -fat /fat/ || -ft /ft/ || -fat /fat/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -famw || -fmw || -famo
| 1PL || -famw /famu/ || -fmw /fmu/ || -famo /famo/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -fatc || -ftc || -fati
| 2PL || -fatc /fats/ || -ftc /fts/ || -fati /fati/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -fan || -fn || -fana
| 3PL || -fan /fan/ || -fn /fn/ || -fana /fana/
|-
|-
| 2POL || -fe || -fe || -fe
| 2POL || -fe /fe/ || -fe /fe/ || -fe /fe/
|}
|}
The perfect past expresses an event or action that has reached completion.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
|-
|-
| 1SG || -ra || -r || -ra
| 1SG || -ra /ʁa/ || -r /ʁ/ || -ra /ʁa/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -rac || -rc || -rac
| 2SG || -rac /ʁas/ || -rc /ʁs/ || -rac /ʁas/
|-
|-
| 3SG || -rat || -rt || -rat
| 3SG || -rat /ʁat/ || -rt /ʁt/ || -rat /ʁat/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -ramw || -rm || -ramo
| 1PL || -ramw /ʁamu/ || -rm /ʁm/ || -ramo /ʁamo/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -ratc || -rtc || -rati
| 2PL || -ratc /ʁats/ || -rtc /ʁts/ || -rati /ʁati/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -ran || -rn  || -rana
| 3PL || -ran /ʁan/ || -rn  /ʁn/ || -rana /ʁana/
|-
|-
| 2POL || -re || -re || -re
| 2POL || -re /ʁe/ || -re /ʁe/ || -re /ʁe/
|}
|}


====Absolute (gnomic)====
====Absolute (gnomic)====
The absolute is used for expressing general truths, or stylistically / poetically as an intensifier, or in a ritualized kind of way in sacred text or legal texts.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
|-
|-
| 1SG || -yh || -yh || -y
| 1SG || -yh /joh/ || -yh /joh/ || -y /jo/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -ys || -ys || -yc
| 2SG || -ys /joθ/ || -ys /joθ/ || -yc /jos/
|-
|-
| 3SG || -yŧ || -yŧ || -yt
| 3SG || -yŧ /jot̚/ || -yŧ /jot̚/ || -yt /jot/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -yƥ || -yƥ || -yf
| 1PL || -yƥ /joɸ/ || -yƥ /joɸ/ || -yf /jof/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -yƶ̆<sup>1</sup> || -yƶ̆<sup>1</sup> || -yz
| 2PL || -yƶ̆<sup>1</sup> /joʒ/ || -yƶ̆<sup>1</sup> /joʒ/ || -yz /joz/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -yƿ || -yƿ || -yn
| 3PL || -yƿ /jowi/ || -yƿ /jowi/ || -yn /jon/
|-
|-
| 2POL || -yƶ || -yƶ || -yœ
| 2POL || -yƶ /joð/ || -yƶ /joð/ || -yœ /jo/ (/jo:/ ?)
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup>In the original description, the ending appears as -ƶ̆, but given the rest of the paradigm, it is mostly likely a mistake and meant to be -yƶ̆.
====Conditional====
====Conditional====
The conditional is used to express wishes, desires, possibilities, hypotheses, etc.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
|-
|-
| 1SG || -o || -o || -o
| 1SG || -o /o/ || -o /o/ || -o /o/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -oc || -oc || -oc
| 2SG || -oc /ɔs/ || -oc /ɔs/ || -oc /ɔs/
|-
|-
| 3SG || -ot || -ot || -ot
| 3SG || -ot /ɔt/ || -ot /ɔt/ || -ot /ɔt/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -omw || -omwc || -omwc
| 1PL || -omw /omu/ || -omwc /omus/ || -omwc /omus/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -otc || -otic || -otic
| 2PL || -otc /ɔts/ || -otic /otis/ || -otic /otis/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -on || -ona || -ona
| 3PL || -on /ɔn/ || -ona /ona/ || -ona /ona/
|-
|-
| 2POL || -o͠e || -o͠e || -o͠e
| 2POL || -o͠e /we/ || -o͠e /we/ || -o͠e /we/
|}
|}
====Subjunctive====
====Subjunctive====
The subjunctive is used in dependent clauses.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
! Person !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
|-
|-
| 1SG || -ko || -ko || -ko
| 1SG || -ko /ko/ || -ko /ko/ || -ko /ko/
|-
|-
| 2SG || -koc || -kc || -koc
| 2SG || -koc /kɔs/ || -kc /ks/ || -koc /kɔs/
|-
|-
| 3SG || -kot || -kt || -kot
| 3SG || -kot /kɔt/ || -kt /kt/ || -kot /kɔt/
|-
|-
| 1PL || -komw || -km || -komwc
| 1PL || -komw /komu/ || -km /km/ || -komwc /komus/
|-
|-
| 2PL || -kotc || -ktc || -kotic
| 2PL || -kotc /kɔts/ || -ktc /kts/ || -kotic /kotis/
|-
|-
| 3PL || -kon || -kn || -kona
| 3PL || -kon /kɔn/ || -kn /kn/ || -kona /kona/
|-
|-
| 2POL || -ke || -ke || -ke
| 2POL || -ke /ke/ || -ke /ke/ || -ke /ke/
|}
|}
====Participles====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Participles
|-
!  !! Group A !! Group B !! Group C
|-
| Present || -adz /adz/ || -dz /dz/ || -ant /ant/
|-
| Past || -i /i/ || -~i<sup>1</sup> /j/ || -te /te/
|}
<sup>
1</sup>In the original description, the ending was given as -j. But the letter <J j> is not used in the alphabet, and by analogy with the -i ending of the group A (which corresponds to verbs whose stem ends in a consonant), we can assume this meant the ending for verbs of the group B (whose stem ends in a vowel) should be /j/ (/i/ turning into its corresponding approximant after a vowel). Therefore, the "link" diacritic should be used.
===Derivational morphology===
TolsienO uses prefixes and suffixes to create new words. Here is a non-exhaustive list :
*Prefixes
<poem>
u- or -ur creates an antonym (mostly used with adjectives).
</poem>
*Suffixes
<poem>
-iƀl creates an adjective from a verb.
-êl (m. sg.) / -al (f. sg.) / -ilc (n. pl.) creates an adjective from a noun.
-g creates a noun denoting an instrument, from another noun.
-or (m. sg.) / -ora (f. sg.) creates an agentive noun, from another noun.
</poem>


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
====Declarative sentences====
There are two main constituant orders in declarative sentences : SVO and VSO. The former is mostly used in literature, and the verb is then conjugated according to its subject. But the VSO order is more common in everyday speech and then the verb is conjugated in the third person and only agrees in number with its subject (the 3SG verbal ending is used when the subject is 1SG, 2SG or 3SG, and the 3PL ending is used when the subject is 1PL, 2PL or 3PL).
====Questions====
Questions are made by inversing verb and subject. However, this inversion is relative to the underlying constituent order in the corresponding declarative sentence :
<poem>
(1) If the underlying order is VSO (more common), then the corresponding question is : (question word) + Subject + Verb (in the third person)
(2) If it is SVO , then the corresponding question is : (question word) + Verb (agreeing in person with its subject) + Subject.
</poem>
Questions usually have a rising intonation.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
*Adjectives usually follow the noun they qualify.
*Possession (genitive) can be expressed with two main constructions :
<poem>
(1) "Possessor" + possessive adjective (agreeing with the possessor) + "possessed"
(2) "Possessed" + "possessor-suffix" where the suffix is a left over from a previous genitive case.
</poem>
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
Adverbs usually follow the verb they qualify.
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
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