Skylandic: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| boxsize = 26em | | boxsize = 26em | ||
| image = SKL Flag.png | |||
| imagesize = 250px | |||
| imagecaption = The flag of Skyland | |||
| name = Skylandic | | name = Skylandic | ||
| altname = Himmeldeutsch, Ciellandais | | altname = Himmeldeutsch, Ciellandais | ||
| nativename = Chiveduts | | nativename = Chiveduts | ||
| pronunciation = ɕiv.dy | | pronunciation = ɕiv.dy ~ ʃɪv.dʏ | ||
| pronunciationkey = Help:IPA | | pronunciationkey = Help:IPA | ||
| creator = Kazu Inoue | | creator = Kazu Inoue | ||
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'''Skylandic''' (''Chiveduts'' | '''Skylandic''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''Chiveduts''; <small>Skylandic:</small> [[IPA for Skylandic|[ɕiv.dy]]]) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western Europe. It is the national and official language of Skyland, the floating country above the Germany-France border. It is also the co-official language of Germany, France, Liechtenstein, Austria, Belgium and Switzerland; a recognized minority language in Italy, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Great Britain; and one of the official languages of the European Language Round Table (ELRT) alongside English, German, France, Neallish, Irish, Italian and Spanish. It is the only member of the Aerial Germanic subfamily. | ||
It has over 1.5 million native speakers and over 200,000 L2 (or second language) speakers. A majority of its native speakers live in Skyland, Germany and France. It has two major dialects — the '''''Bernstein''''' and '''''Primétoilean''''' dialects. The Bernstein dialect is spoken by the people living in the east German-side of the country while the Primétoilean dialect is spoken in the west French-side of the country. The Bernstein dialect has more native Germanic words and German calques while the Primétoilean dialect has more French loanwords and calques. | It has over 1.5 million native speakers and over 200,000 L2 (or second language) speakers. A majority of its native speakers live in Skyland, Germany and France. It has two major dialects — the '''''Bernstein''''' and '''''Primétoilean''''' dialects. The Bernstein dialect is spoken by the people living in the east German-side of the country while the Primétoilean dialect is spoken in the west French-side of the country. The Bernstein dialect has more native Germanic words and German calques while the Primétoilean dialect has more French loanwords and calques. | ||
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Skylandic is an '''a posteriori''' language with its vocabularily mostly based on Proto-Germanic and its phonology and orthography based on French. One can say that it explores the question of "How German would look like if it evolved like French?" | Skylandic is an '''a posteriori''' language with its vocabularily mostly based on Proto-Germanic and its phonology and orthography based on French. One can say that it explores the question of "How German would look like if it evolved like French?" | ||
It is also a ''tripartite'' or ERG-ACC language — meaning, it marks the subject of an intransitive verb, the agent and the patient of a transitive verb all differently. | It is also a '''tripartite''' or ERG-ACC language — meaning, it marks the subject of an intransitive verb, the agent and the patient of a transitive verb all differently. | ||
It is inspired by the minority languages like Dungan (a Sinitic language written using the Cyrillic script) and Vilamovian (a Germanic language spelled using the Polish alphabet), and the conlang Venedic (a Romance language evolved to be like Polish). | It is inspired by the minority languages like Dungan (a Sinitic language written using the Cyrillic script) and Vilamovian (a Germanic language spelled using the Polish alphabet), and the conlang Venedic (a Romance language evolved to be like Polish). | ||
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PGmc *swotuz → Skylandic "sœuz" [sø] (sweet) <br> <br> | PGmc *swotuz → Skylandic "sœuz" [sø] (sweet) <br> <br> | ||
● Monosyllabic /ə/ from French loans → /ø/ <br> | ● Monosyllabic /ə/ from French loans → /ø/ <br> | ||
French "que" → Skylandic "que" [kø] ('' | French "que" → Skylandic "que" [kø] (''conjunction'' that) <br> <br> | ||
● *ī /i:/ → ui /ɥi/ <br> | |||
PGmc *rīdaną → Skylandic "ruiten" [ʁɥi.tɑ̃] (to ride) <br> <br> | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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'''1.''' /ɕ ʑ/ are often realized and pronounced as [ʃ ʒ], especially by younger native speakers and are nice approximates for learners. <br> | '''1.''' /ɕ ʑ/ are often realized and pronounced as [ʃ ʒ], especially by younger native speakers and are nice approximates for learners. <br> | ||
'''2.''' /ʁ/ is often and validly approximated as either [ɾ] or [ɹ]. In fact, dialects outside of Skyland has it as their proper rhotic consonant. <br> | '''2.''' /ʁ/ is often and validly approximated as either [ɾ] or [ɹ]. In fact, dialects outside of Skyland has it as their proper rhotic consonant. <br> | ||
'''3.''' The ELRT discourages approximating /ɥ/ as [w], for there are some minimal pairs involving these phonemes. <br> | '''3.''' /ʁ/ after vowels is often vocalized as [Vɐ̯] diphthongs in the Bernstein dialect, mostly because of its proximity to Germany and a high number of German descents. Thus "maire" (<i>more</i>) is often pronounced in the Bernstein region as [mɛɐ̯].<br> | ||
''' | '''4.''' The ELRT discourages approximating /ɥ/ as [w], for there are some minimal pairs involving these phonemes. <br> | ||
'''5.''' Syllable- and/or word-final /l/ can be validly approximated as [ɫ]. Though, natives rarely do it. | |||
=== Vowel Inventories === | === Vowel Inventories === | ||
''' | '''MODAL VOWELS''' | ||
[[File:SKLmodvowels.png|450px|frameless|none]] | [[File:SKLmodvowels.png|450px|frameless|none]] | ||
''' | '''Allophones'''<br> | ||
'''1.''' The vowels /i u y/ are often realized as [ɪ ʊ ʏ] inside orthographically closed syllables.<br> | '''1.''' The vowels /i u y/ are often realized as [ɪ ʊ ʏ] inside orthographically closed syllables.<br> | ||
'''2.''' The central mid vowel /ə/ is often pronounced as either [ɘ] or [ø] in stressed syllables, and especially in monosyllabic words like « le » and « de ». <br> | '''2.''' The central mid vowel /ə/ is often pronounced as either [ɘ] or [ø] in stressed syllables, and especially in monosyllabic words like « le » and « de ». <br> | ||
'''3.''' The phoneme sequence /ɛʁ/ is pronounced as the vowel [ɐ] when it comes before a consonant or as a syllable coda. This allophone is most prominent in the Bernstein regional dialects.<br> | '''3.''' The phoneme sequence /ɛʁ/ is pronounced as the vowel [ɐ] when it comes before a consonant or as a syllable coda. This allophone is most prominent in the Bernstein regional dialects.<br><br> | ||
''' | '''NASAL VOWELS''' | ||
[[File:SKLNvowels.png|450px|frameless|none]] | [[File:SKLNvowels.png|450px|frameless|none]] | ||
''' | '''Allophones'''<br> | ||
'''1.''' /ɔ̃/ is sometimes pronounced as [õ], and /ɛ̃/ is sometimes pronounced as a more open [æ̃]. <br> | '''1.''' /ɔ̃/ is sometimes pronounced as [õ], and /ɛ̃/ is sometimes pronounced as a more open [æ̃]. <br> | ||
'''2.''' Contrary to some dialects of French, /ɑ̃/ is never rounded and is still pronounced as [ɑ̃]. Though, some dialects | '''2.''' Contrary to some dialects of French, /ɑ̃/ is never rounded and is still pronounced as [ɑ̃]. Though, some dialects pronounce it as a front [ã].<br> | ||
'''3.''' There are a few dialects that pronounced the final « -en » /ɑ̃/ of verbs as [ɐ̃]. | |||
=== Liaison and Enchaînement === | === Liaison and Enchaînement === | ||
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[[File:SKLnoun2.png|350px|frameless|none]] | [[File:SKLnoun2.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''3.''' Monosyllabic nouns ending with a cluster grapheme where the last consonant is silent form their plurals via umlaut. The ERG and ACC gain an additional « '''-e''' », the GEN gain « '''-es''' », while the DAT gain « '''-ine''' ». [[File:SKLnoun3.png|350px|frameless|none]] | '''3.1.''' Monosyllabic nouns ending with a cluster grapheme where the last consonant is silent form their plurals via umlaut. The ERG and ACC gain an additional « '''-e''' », the GEN gain « '''-es''' », while the DAT gain « '''-ine''' ». [[File:SKLnoun3.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''3.2.''' Monosyllabic and bisyllabic words that end in a nasal vowel form their ERG, ACC and DAT by annexing « '''-ne''' »; their GEN and INTR by adding « '''-es''' ». | |||
[[File:Noun3b.png|350px|frameless|none]] | |||
'''4.''' Nouns that end in a single silent consonant form their | '''4.''' Nouns that end in a single silent consonant form their ERG and ACC by annexing the suffix '''-er''' which is pronounced as [e]; their INTR the silent suffix '''-es'''; their DAT the suffix '''-ine''' and their GEN the suffix '''-ies'''. | ||
[[File: | [[File:SKLnoun4.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''5.''' Some nouns are just plain irregular. | '''5.''' Some nouns are just plain irregular. | ||
[[File: | [[File:SKLnoun5.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
== Pronouns == | == Pronouns == | ||
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'''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.<br><br> | '''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.<br><br> | ||
'''Class 1.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''- | '''Class 1.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-ui-''' [ɥi]. Most of these verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that has the stem vowel *ī. This stem vowel evolution is unique to Skylandic. Their vowel changes are as follows. | ||
[[File:Class 1.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 1.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''Class 2.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel digraph '''-eu-''' [ø]. These verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that have the diphthong *eu or an *au that has undergone an umlaut. | '''Class 2.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel digraph '''-eu-''' [ø]. These verbs evolved from PGmc verbs that have the diphthong *eu or an *au that has undergone an umlaut. | ||
[[File:Class 2.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 2.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''Class 3.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' or '''-i-''' followed by a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Sometimes, these consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant and their previous presence is now just signaled by a circumplex diacritic (ê î) before the remaining consonant of the stem. This diacritic is carried onto the verb's conjugations.<br> | '''Class 3.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' or '''-i-''' followed by a consonant cluster or a double consonant. Sometimes, these consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant and their previous presence is now just signaled by a circumplex diacritic (ê î) before the remaining consonant of the stem. This diacritic is carried onto the verb's conjugations.<br> | ||
[[File:Class 3a.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 3a.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
[[File: | [[File:Class_3b.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
'''Class 4.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''- | '''Class 4.''' These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-ie-''' [je] followed by any of the four sonorants (''l, m, n,'' or ''r'') and no other consonants. Geminated sonorants aren't included. | ||
[[File:Class 4.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 4.png|350px|frameless|none]] | ||
NOTE — The « '''-oi-''' » stem vowel of the IMPF.SJV form is from PGmc *-ē-. | |||
'''Class 5.''' The last of the five classes of Skylandic strong verbs. These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' followed by a lone non-sonorant consonant. | '''Class 5.''' The last of the five classes of Skylandic strong verbs. These are verbs that contain the stem vowel '''-e-''' followed by a lone non-sonorant consonant. | ||
[[File:Class 5.png|frameless|none]] | [[File:Class 5.png|frameless|none]] | ||
The « '''-ine''' » suffix of the IMPF.SJV is a remnant of PGmc PAST.SJV.3PL suffix -īn. | |||
=== Weak Verbs === | === Weak Verbs === | ||