Skylandic: Difference between revisions

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  </div>
  </div>


==<span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans', serif";>PHONOLOGY</span>==
==<span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans";>Phonology</span>==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
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! Graphemes !! Environment !! Phoneme !! Example
! Graphemes !! Environment !! Phoneme !! Example
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | a, à || /a/ || v'''a'''r (var) "true"
| colspan=2 | a, à || /a/ || v'''a'''r {{IPA|/vaʁ/}} "true"
|-
|-
| colspan =2 | â || /ɑ/ || f'''â'''tenir (fät.nir) "to secure"
| colspan =2 | â || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} || f'''â'''tenir {{IPA|/fat.niʁ/}} "to secure"
|-
|-
| colspan =2 | ai, aî, aie || /ɛ/ || N'''ai'''t (në) "night" <br> D'''aie''' (dë) "day"
| colspan =2 | ai, aî, aie || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || N'''ai'''t {{IPA|/nɛ/}} "night" <br> D'''aie''' {{IPA|/dɛ/}} "day"
|-
|-
| colspan =2 | au || /o/ || Tr'''au'''me (trom) "dream"
| colspan =2 | au || /o/ || Tr'''au'''me {{IPA|/tʁom/}} "dream"
|-
|-
| colspan =2 | ay || /ɛj/ || d'''ay'''en (dë.jañ)"to suck"
| colspan =2 | ay || {{IPA|/ɛj/}} || d'''ay'''en {{IPA|/dɛ.jɑ̃/}}"to suck"
|-
|-
| rowspan=7 | e || elsewhere || /ə/ or Ø || ouv'''e'''nir (uv.nir) "to open"<br> b'''e'''reuven (bə..vañ) "to rob"
| rowspan=7 | e || elsewhere || /ə/ or Ø || ouv'''e'''nir {{IPA|/uv.niʁ/}} "to open"<br> b'''e'''reuven {{IPA|/bə.ʁo.vɑ̃/}} "to rob"
|-
|-
| before multiple consonants || rowspan=3 | /ɛ/ || r'''e'''nne (rë.nö) ''run(s)''
| before multiple consonants || rowspan=3 | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || r'''e'''nne {{IPA|/ʁɛ.nø/}} ''run(s)''
|-
|-
| before a pronounced final<br> consonant || Aff'''e'''l (a.fël) "apple"
| before a pronounced final<br> consonant || Aff'''e'''l {{IPA|/a.fɛl/}} "apple"
|-
|-
| before ⟨x⟩ || '''e'''xaient (ëk.së) "was going out"
| before ⟨x⟩ || '''e'''xaient {{IPA|/ɛk.sɛ/}} "was going out"
|-
|-
| before a silent final<br> consonant || /e/ || d'''e'''s (de) "of the (singular)"
| before a silent final<br> consonant || /e/ || d'''e'''s /de/ "of the (singular)"
|-
|-
| word-final in SG nouns || Ø || Triv'''e''' (triv) "tree"
| word-final in SG nouns || Ø || Triv'''e''' {{IPA|/tʁiv/}} "tree"
|-
|-
| word-final in mono-<br>syllabic open words || /ø/ || j'''e''' (źö) 1SG.INTR  
| word-final in mono-<br>syllabic open words || /ø/ || j'''e''' {{IPA|/ʑø/}} 1SG.INTR  
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | é, ée || /e/ || '''é'''liven (e.li.vañ) "to split"
| colspan=2 | é, ée || /e/ || '''é'''liven {{IPA|/e.li.vɑ̃/}} "to split"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | è, ê || /ɛ/ || g'''ê'''tran (źë.trañ) "yesterday"
| colspan=2 | è, ê || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || g'''ê'''tran {{IPA|/ʑɛ.tʁɑ̃/}} "yesterday"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | eau || /o/ || V'''eau'''t (vo) "world"
| colspan=2 | eau || /o/ || V'''eau'''t /vo/ "world"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | ei, eî || /ɛ/ || r'''ei'''t (rë) "right. correct"
| colspan=2 | ei, eî || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || r'''ei'''t {{IPA|/ʁɛ/}} "right. correct"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | eu, eû || /ø/ || h'''eu'''ren .rañ) "to hear, listen"
| colspan=2 | eu, eû || /ø/ || h'''eu'''ren {{IPA|/ø.ʁɑ̃/}} "to hear, listen"
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | i || elsewhere || /i/ || m'''i'''t (mi) "with"
| rowspan=2 | i || elsewhere || /i/ || m'''i'''t /mi/ "with"
|-
|-
| before other vowels || /j/ || ét'''i'''enne (e.tjën) (eat.PRES.SJV)
| before other vowels || /j/ || ét'''i'''enne {{IPA|/e.tjɛn/}} (eat.PRES.SJV)
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | î || rowspan=2 | /i/ || br'''î'''te (bri.tö) ''burst(s)''
| colspan=2 | î || rowspan=2 | /i/ || br'''î'''te {{IPA|/bʁi.tø/}} ''burst(s)''
|-
|-
| -ie || word-final only || Fantais'''ie''' (fañ..zi) "fantasy"
| -ie || word-final only || Fantais'''ie''' {{IPA|/fɑ̃..zi/}} "fantasy"
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | o || phonologically<br> final || /o/ || f'''o'''s (fo) (nurture.PRES)
| rowspan=2 | o || phonologically<br> final || /o/ || f'''o'''s /fo/ (nurture.PRES)
|-
|-
| elsewhere || /ɔ/ || H'''o'''ff (ôf) "hope"
| elsewhere || {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || H'''o'''ff {{IPA|/ɔf/}} "hope"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | ô || /o/ || f'''ô'''tre (fotr) "to nurture"
| colspan=2 | ô || /o/ || f'''ô'''tre {{IPA|/fotʁ/}} "to nurture"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | oi, oie, oî || /wa/ || l'''oi'''r (lwar) "low"
| colspan=2 | oi, oie, oî || /wa/ || l'''oi'''r {{IPA|/lwaʁ/}} "low"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | œu || /ø/ || M'''œu'''r (mör) "mother"
| colspan=2 | œu || /ø/ || M'''œu'''r {{IPA|/møʁ/}} "mother"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | ou, oû || rowspan=2 | /u/ || Fl'''ou'''ch (fluś) "curse"
| colspan=2 | ou, oû || rowspan=2 | /u/ || Fl'''ou'''ch {{IPA|/fluɕ/}} "curse"
|-
|-
|  oue || word-final only || Cl'''oue''' (klu) "lump"
|  oue || word-final only || Cl'''oue''' /klu/ "lump"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | oy || /waj/ || d'''oy'''en (dwa.jañ) "to die"
| colspan=2 | oy || /waj/ || d'''oy'''en {{IPA|/dwa.jɑ̃/}} "to die"
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | u || elsewhere || /y/ || f'''u'''r (für) "for"
| rowspan=3 | u || elsewhere || /y/ || f'''u'''r {{IPA|/fyʁ/}} "for"
|-
|-
| after ⟨g<sup>1</sup>, q⟩ || Ø || g'''u'''irds (gir) "become/s"<br>dainq'''u'''ons (deñ.koñ)(thank.IMP)
| after ⟨g<sup>1</sup>, q⟩ || Ø || g'''u'''irds {{IPA|/ɡiʁ/}} "become/s"<br>dainq'''u'''ons {{IPA|/dɛ̃.kɔ̃/}} (thank.IMP)
|-
|-
| before other vowels || /ɥ/ || h'''u'''iss (ůis) "white"
| before other vowels || {{IPA|/ɥ/}} || h'''u'''iss {{IPA|/ɥis/}} "white"
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | û || /y/ || pl'''û'''jain que (plü.źeñ kö) "furthermore"
| colspan=2 | û || /y/ || pl'''û'''jain que {{IPA|/ply.ʑɛ̃ kø/}} "furthermore"
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | ue || elsewhere || /ɥɛ/ || m'''ue'''nir (můe.nir) "may, be allowed to"
| rowspan=2 | ue || elsewhere || {{IPA|/ɥɛ/}} || m'''ue'''nir {{IPA|/mɥɛ.niʁ/}} "may, be allowed to"
|-
|-
| word-final, after ⟨g, q⟩ || Ø || chainq'''ue''' [señk] (bestow-IMP)
| word-final, after ⟨g, q⟩ || Ø || chainq'''ue''' {{IPA|/ɕɛ̃k/}} (bestow-IMP)
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | -uie || /ɥi/ || l'''uie''' (lůi) (lie.PRES)
| colspan=2 | -uie || {{IPA|/ɥi/}} || R'''uie''' {{IPA|/ʁɥi/}} “back”
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | uy || /ɥij/ || l'''uy'''en (lůi.jañ) "to lie"
| colspan=2 | uy || {{IPA|/ɥij/]]``}} || l'''uy'''en {{IPA|/lɥi.jɑ̃/}} "to lie"
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | y || elsewhere || /i/ || '''y''' (i) 3SG.N.ERG
| rowspan=2 | y || elsewhere || /i/ || '''y''' /i/ 3SG.N.ERG
|-
|-
| before vowels || /j/  || eu'''y'''en .jañ) "to show"
| before vowels || /j/  || eu'''y'''en {{IPA|/ø.jɑ̃/}} "to show"
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> Only applies if another vowel succeeds ⟨u⟩. Otherwise, it's pronounced as usual — /y/.
<sup>1</sup> Only applies if another vowel succeeds ⟨u⟩. Otherwise, it's pronounced as usual — /y/.
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! Graphemes !! Environment !! Phonemes !! Example
! Graphemes !! Environment !! Phonemes !! Example
|-
|-
| aim,<br>ain || before consonant<br> or finally || /ɛ̃/ || '''Ain'''te [ɛ̃t] "fear"
| aim,<br>ain || before consonant<br> or finally || {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} || '''Ain'''te {{IPA|[ɛ̃t]}} "fear"
|-
|-
| am, an || before consonant<br> or finally || /ɑ̃/ || L'''an'''t [lɑ̃] "land"<br> Nam [nɑ̃] "name
| am, an || before consonant<br> or finally || {{IPA|/ɑ̃/}} || L'''an'''t {{IPA|[lɑ̃]}} "land"<br> Nam {{IPA|[nɑ̃]}} "name
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | cqu || /k/ || a'''cqu'''imen [akimɑ̃] "to arrive"
| colspan=2 | cqu || /k/ || a'''cqu'''imen {{IPA|[akimɑ̃]}} "to arrive"
|-
|-
| eim, ein || before consonant<br> or finally || /ɛ̃/ || '''ein'''houten- [ɛ̃.u.tɑ̃] "to contain"
| eim, ein || before consonant<br> or finally || {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} || '''ein'''houten- {{IPA|[ɛ̃.u.tɑ̃]}} "to contain"
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | em, en || before consonant<br> or finally elsewhere || /ɑ̃/ || -m'''en'''t [mɑ̃] "-ly"
| rowspan=2 | em, en || before consonant<br> or finally elsewhere || {{IPA|/ɑ̃/}} || -m'''en'''t {{IPA|[mɑ̃]}} "-ly"
|-
|-
| PRES of some<br> verbs, after /j/ || /ɛ̃/ || ouvi'''en'''s [u.vjɛ̃] "open/s"
| PRES of some<br> verbs, after /j/ || {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} || ouvi'''en'''s {{IPA|[u.vjɛ̃] }}"open/s"
|-
|-
| -ent || conjugation ending <br> in verbs || Ø || aiv'''ent''' [ɛv] (have.PRES.SJV)  
| -ent || conjugation ending <br> in verbs || Ø || aiv'''ent''' {{IPA|[ɛv]}} (have.PRES.SJV)  
|-
|-
| -er || elsewhere finally || /e/ || ni'''er''' [nje] "under"
| -er || elsewhere finally || /e/ || ni'''er''' [nje] "under"
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| es || word-sinally || Ø || Veaut'''es''' [vot] "worlds"  
| es || word-sinally || Ø || Veaut'''es''' [vot] "worlds"  
|-
|-
| eun || before consonant or<br> finally || /œ̃/ || ch'''eun''' [ɕœ̃] "beautiful"
| eun || before consonant or<br> finally || {{IPA|/œ̃/}} || ch'''eun''' {{IPA|[ɕœ̃]}} "beautiful"
|-
|-
| ge || before ⟨a, o, u⟩ || /ʑ/ || han'''ge'''ant [ɑ̃ʑɑ̃] "hanging"
| ge || before ⟨a, o, u⟩ || {{IPA|/ʑ/}} || han'''ge'''ant {{IPA|[ɑ̃ʑɑ̃]}} "hanging"
|-
|-
| gu || before ⟨e, i, y⟩ || /ɡ/ || '''gu'''erdre [ɡɛʁdʁ] "to become"
| gu || before ⟨e, i, y⟩ || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || '''gu'''erdre {{IPA|[ɡɛʁdʁ]}} "to become"
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | il || after ⟨a, e, eu, <br>œ, ou, u, ue⟩ || /j/ || Fa'''il'''e [faj] "mistake"
| rowspan=2 | il || after ⟨a, e, eu, <br>œ, ou, u, ue⟩ || /j/ || Fa'''il'''e [faj] "mistake"
|-
|-
| elsewhere || depends || déto'''il'''en [detwalɑ̃] "to depart"
| elsewhere || depends || déto'''il'''en {{IPA|[detwalɑ̃]}} "to depart"
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | ill || after ⟨a, e, eu, <br>œ, ou, u, ue⟩ || /j/ || écou'''ill'''ir [ekujiʁ] "should"
| rowspan=2 | ill || after ⟨a, e, eu, <br>œ, ou, u, ue⟩ || /j/ || écou'''ill'''ir {{IPA|[ekujiʁ]}} "should"
|-
|-
| elsewhere || depends || ép'''ill'''en [epilɑ̃] "to play"
| elsewhere || depends || ép'''ill'''en {{IPA|[epilɑ̃]}} "to play"
|-
|-
| im, in || before consonant or<br> finally || /ɛ̃/ || V'''in'''t [vɛ̃] "wind"
| im, in || before consonant or<br> finally || {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}} || V'''in'''t {{IPA|[vɛ̃]}} "wind"
|-
|-
| oin || before consonant <br> or finally || /wɛ̃/ || m'''oin''' [mwɛ̃] "hello"
| oin || before consonant <br> or finally || {{IPA|/wɛ̃/}} || m'''oin''' {{IPA|[mwɛ̃]}} "hello"
|-
|-
| om, on || before consonant <br> or finally || /ɔ̃/ || hay'''on'''s [ɛjɔ̃] (have.IMP)
| om, on || before consonant <br> or finally || {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}} || hay'''on'''s [ɛjɔ̃] (have.IMP)
|-
|-
| tiV || anywhere || /tj/ || fâ'''ti'''ens [fɑtjɛ̃] "fasten/s"
| tiV || anywhere || /tj/ || fâ'''ti'''ens {{IPA|[fɑtjɛ̃]}} "fasten/s"
|-
|-
| um, un || before consonant <br> or finally || /ʏ̃/ || '''un'''ge [ʏ̃ʑ] "around"
| um, un || before consonant <br> or finally || {{IPA|/ʏ̃/}} || '''un'''ge {{IPA|[ʏ̃ʑ]}} "around"
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
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== <span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans'"> Pronouns </span> ==
== <span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans'"> Pronouns </span> ==
=== <span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans'"> Personal Pronouns </span> ===
=== <span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans'"> Personal Pronouns </span> ===
<div style="font-family:'Merriweather'; font-size:16px;">
<div style="font-family:'Merriweather'; font-size:17px;">
Just like most other European languages, Skylandic pronouns has three persons — ''first, second,'' and ''third'' — and each one has two sets based on grammatical number (''singular'' and ''plural''). The three grammatical person are locally called '''ainième, duenième''' and '''drisième Personne''', respectively.
Just like most other European languages, Skylandic pronouns has three persons — ''first, second,'' and ''third'' — and each one has two sets based on grammatical number (''singular'' and ''plural''). The three grammatical person are locally called '''ainième, duenième''' and '''drisième Personne''', respectively.


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:<u>On</u> écaille simble aître.<br>  
:<u>On</u> écaille simble aître.<br>  
:<i><u>One</u> should always ask.</i>
:<i><u>One</u> should always ask.</i>
<br>
'''5. C’ist and Il ist''' <br>
These two are the pronominal phrase of introduction or description. They correspond to French ''c’est'' and ''il est'', all down to their functions. They can be translated into English "he/she/it/they/this/these is/are". ''Yep, as versatile as that.''
:※'''C’ist''' and its plural form '''ce sint''' is used when the noun phrase starts with a grammatical article or determiner.<br>
: EXAMPLE:
: '''C’ist''' <u>le</u> Chiveduiche Éprach.
: — '''''This is''' <u>the</u> Skylandic language.<br><br>
:※'''Il ist''' and its other forms, '''elle ist''' (feminine) and '''ils sint''' (plural), is used with adjectives and proper nouns (especially names of people).<br><br>
: EXAMPLE:
: ''Le Chive, '''il ist''' cheun.''
: — ''The sky is beautiful.''


=== <span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans'"> Relative Pronouns </span> ===
=== <span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans'"> Relative Pronouns </span> ===
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<div style="font-family:'Merriweather'; font-size:16px;"> Skylandic verbs hcan be classified into four major types — ''strong, weak, special'' and ''irregular''. '''Strong verbs''' change their stem vowel when conjugated. But unlike most Germanic languages, Skylandic strong verbs rely on modern spelling rather than its etymological spelling. Some verbs that used to be strong in PGmc might not end up being one in Skylandic. '''Weak verbs''' are your good old regular verbs. Both strong and weak verbs end in « -en ». '''Special verbs''' are those that have a different yet regular conjugation scheme as compared to the first two types. '''Irregular verbs''' are those that have different spellings for conjugations or supply stem from other verb roots.</div>
<div style="font-family:'Merriweather'; font-size:16px;"> Skylandic verbs hcan be classified into four major types — ''strong, weak, special'' and ''irregular''. '''Strong verbs''' change their stem vowel when conjugated. But unlike most Germanic languages, Skylandic strong verbs rely on modern spelling rather than its etymological spelling. Some verbs that used to be strong in PGmc might not end up being one in Skylandic. '''Weak verbs''' are your good old regular verbs. Both strong and weak verbs end in « -en ». '''Special verbs''' are those that have a different yet regular conjugation scheme as compared to the first two types. '''Irregular verbs''' are those that have different spellings for conjugations or supply stem from other verb roots.</div>


=== <big> Strong Verbs </big> ===
=== <span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans'"> Strong Verbs </span>===
'''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.<br><br>
'''Strong verbs''' are verbs that conjugate by changing their stem vowel alongside annexing a conjugation suffix. This kind of vowel change is usually called '''''ablaut''''' and in this case it's a PIE or '''Proto-Indo-European ablaut'''. But unlike its IRL relatives, Skylandic doesn't classify strong verbs based on its etymological root's spelling, but on the verbs' current spelling themselves. Also, instead of having all seven classes, Skylandic now only has five (5) strong verb classes.<br><br>


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The « '''-ine''' » suffix of the IMPF.SJV is a remnant of PGmc PAST.SJV.3PL suffix -īn.
The « '''-ine''' » suffix of the IMPF.SJV is a remnant of PGmc PAST.SJV.3PL suffix -īn.


=== Weak Verbs ===
=== <span style="font-family:'Merriweather Sans'"> Weak Verbs </span> ===
The '''weak verbs''' are the so-called "regular verbs" of the language. All verbs under this category follow the same conjugation pattern and all of them don't change their spelling except from their infinitive ending -en.
The '''weak verbs''' are the so-called "regular verbs" of the language. All verbs under this category follow the same conjugation pattern and all of them don't change their spelling except from their infinitive ending -en.
[[File:Regular2.png|frameless|none]]
[[File:Regular2.png|frameless|none]]
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'''Take Note:'''<br>
'''Take Note:'''<br>
1. The imperfect subjunctive conjugation suffix becomes '''-asse''' if the verb's stem ends in ⟨y⟩.<br>
1. The imperfect subjunctive conjugation suffix becomes '''-asse''' if the verb's stem ends in ⟨y⟩.<br>
2. The strong verbs also use the same conjugation endings for PRES, PRESP, PRES.SJV, FUT, and IMP "tenses".  
2. The strong verbs also use the same conjugation endings for PRES, PRESP, PRES.SJV, FUT, and IMP "tenses".


=== <big> Special Verbs </big> ===
=== <big> Special Verbs </big> ===
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{|
{|
|-
|-
| Ô Haire, || min || Tive, || roitons || minen || Voie || in || dinine || Sit.
| Ô Haire, || min || Tive, || roitons || minen || Voie || in || dinume || Sit.
|-
|-
| VOC lord || my.INTR || god || direct-IMP || my.SG-ACC || way || in || your-DAT || sight
| VOC lord || my.INTR || god || direct-IMP || my.SG-ACC || way || in || your-DAT || sight
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It can also be written poetically as:<br>
It can also be written poetically as:<br>
"Ô Haire, min Tive, roitons in dinine Sit minen Voie."  
"Ô Haire, min Tive, in dinume Sit roitons minen Voie."  
   
   
</div>
</div>