Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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'''Proto-Talmic''' is a descendant of [[Proto-Quihum]] and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including [[Thensarian]], [[Tíogall]], [[Nurian]], [[Roshterian]], ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.
{{construction}}
==Diachronics==
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
Some sound changes from [[Proto-Quihum]]:
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
*Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]].
*Ejectives become voiced stops:
 
**cʼ z > z
* PET
**ƛʼ λ > ɮ
** Talmic
**qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
*** [[Tigol]]
*xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
**** [[Eevo]]
*ƛ > t
**** [[Anbirese]]
*Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
**** Ciètian
*lenition of p > φ
 
*Cluster simplifications
== Syntax ==
*tk, tq > rk, rq
Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.
 
== Morphology ==
Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify
 
Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.
 
==History of Talmic studies==
===History of the term===
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.
 
==Todo==
*''-nəm'' = patientive
*''sθan-'' = gather
**''sθannəm'' = gathering
***Skellan ''sdann'' = (''mathematics'') set
**~ ''sta-'' in ''stāmom''?
 
*add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
**''-ssōs'' = another noun suffix
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
 
Change 1pl.ex from m to b


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="11"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
Line 44: Line 68:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|  
|  
| *θ
| *t
| *t
|
|
|
| *k
| *k
Line 55: Line 79:
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *δ
| *d
| *d
|
|  
|  
| *g
| *g
Line 67: Line 91:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *ɸ
| *ɸ
|
| *s
| *s
| *ɬ
|
|
|  
|  
| [x]
|  
|  
| [χ]
|  
|  
| *h
| *h
Line 79: Line 103:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| *ɮ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁʷ
|rowspan="2"| *γ
|rowspan="2"| *γʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| *l
| *r
| *r
| *l
| *y
| *j
|  
|  
| *w
| *w
|   
|   
|}
|}
The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū


Diphthongs:  
Diphthongs:  


ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
 
====Thensarian reflexes====
PTal reflexes in bold
 
*{{recon|''a''}} > '''o''' > ''o''
*{{recon|''ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ''}} > '''ā''' > ''ā''
*{{recon|''aʔ, əx̌ʷ''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''ə''}} > '''e''' > ''e''
*{{recon|''i''}} > '''i''' > ''i''
*{{recon|''u''}} > '''u''' > ''u''
*{{recon|''ay''}} > '''oi''' > ''ȳ''
*{{recon|''əy''}} > '''ai''' > ''ae''
*{{recon|''iy''}} > '''ei''' > ''ē''
*{{recon|''uy''}} > '''ui''' > ''ui''
*{{recon|''iʔ, ix''}} > '''ī''' > ''ī''
*{{recon|''aw''}} > '''ow''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''əw''}} > '''ew''' > ''iō''
*{{recon|''iw''}} > '''iw''' > ''iū''
*{{recon|''uʔ, ux, uxʷ''}} > '''ū''' > ''ū''
*{{recon|''uw''}} > '''ou''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > C'''a''' > ''Ca''
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > C'''o''' > ''Co''
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > C'''ə''' > ''Cy''
*{{recon|''əʔ, əx, ix̌''}} > '''ē''' > ''ē''
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > '''aw''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''ixʷ, ix̌ʷ''}} > '''ew''' > ''iō''
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''ija'' > ''iā''
*{{recon|''əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ''}} > ''eja'' > ''eā''
*{{recon|''iy(ə)x''}} > ''ije'' > ''iē''
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns and adjectives===
====Masculine nouns====
(Just one paradigm)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''ɮoirom'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''ɮoirom'' || ''ɮeɮoirom'' || ''ɮoirīs''
|-
! Definite
| ''ɮoirai'' || ''ɮeɮoirai'' || ''ɮoirinnə''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''ɮoirom'' - 'bird'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''ɮoirot''||''ɮoirinnət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''ɮoirot''||''ɮoirinnən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''ɮoirossi''||''ɮoirinnəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''ɮoirossiu''||''ɮoirinnəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''ɮoirotiu''||''ɮoirinniu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''ɮoirotī''||''ɮoirinnī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''ɮoirota''||''ɮoirinna''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''ɮoirosmə''||''ɮoirinnəsmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''ɮoiroswi''||''ɮoirinnəswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''ɮoiroka''||''ɮoirinnəka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''ɮoirotōr''||''ɮoirinnətōr''
|}
 
====Feminine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gʷondā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''gʷondā'' || ''gegʷondā'' || ''gʷondār''
|-
! Definite
| ''gʷondām'' || ''gegʷondām'' || ''gʷondās''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gʷondā'' - 'body'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''gʷondat''||''gʷondāsat''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''gʷondan''||''gʷondasan''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''gʷondassi''||''gʷondasassi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''gʷondassiu''||''gʷondasassiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''gʷondatiu''||''gʷondasiu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''gʷondatī''||''gʷondasī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''gʷondata''||''gʷondasa''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''gʷondasmə''||''gʷondasasmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''gʷondaswi''||''gʷondasaswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''gʷondaka''||''gʷondaseka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''gʷondatōr''||''gʷondasōr''
|}
 
====Neuter nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tektəs'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tektəs'' || ''tetektəs'' || ''tektəen''
|-
! Definite
| ''tektəes'' || ''tetektəes'' || ''tektəer''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tektəs'' - 'child'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''tektət''|| ''tektəerət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''tektən''|| ''tektəerən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''tektəssi''|| ''tektəerəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''tektəssiu''|| ''tektəerəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''tektiu''|| ''tektəeriu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''tektī''|| ''tektəerī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''tektəta''|| ''tektəera''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''tektəsmo''|| ''tektəersmo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''tektəswi''|| ''tektəerswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''tektəka''|| ''tektəerka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''tektōr''|| ''tektəerōr''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenaqs'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''jenaqs'' || ''jenenaqs''
|-
! Definite
| ''jenaqes'' || ''jenenaqes''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''stuφs'' 'fire' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''stuφs'' || ''stetuφs''
|-
! Definite
| ''stuφes'' || ''stetuφes''
|}


===Verbs===
==Derivational morphology==
====Object markers====
===Affixes===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
Some derivational affixes are:
|+ Object affixes
*''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix
|-
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
!style="width: 50px; "|
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
**Roshterian ''-ia-/-i-'' - fossilized suffix in many verbs
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
*''-ākos'' (n.) = verbal noun (from ''*-əx̌-'' verbalizer + ''*-kas'' = older VN suffix)
|-
**Roshterian ''-iac''
!|1
*''-akt(V)-'' = adjectivizer
|''ni-''
**Roshterian ''-ait''
|''mē-''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''ɬē-''
|-
!|2
|''ti-''
|''sē-''
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|''nē-''
|}
 
====TAM + subject markers====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Present indicative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaisman || *kaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismar  || *kaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismam || *kaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasim || *kaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaisma || *kaφs
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamē || *kaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismant || *kaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaske || *kaφsəske
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismat || *kaφsət
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Preterite indicative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismannem || *keφsənnem
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismarəg  || *keφsrəg
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismasəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismast || *keφsəst
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismaso || *keφso
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamer || *keφsəmer
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismanter || *keφsənter
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismasker || *keφsəsker
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismater || *keφsəter
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Subjunctive
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismanai || *kaφsnai
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismarai || *kaφsrai
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismamewr || *kaφsmewr
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasewr || *kaφsəsewr
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismawr || *kaφsewr
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamai || *kaφsmai
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismantai || *kaφsəntai
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskai || *kaφsəskai
|-
| 3PL || *kaismatewr || *kaφsətewr
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Imperative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismā! || *kaφsə!
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismantē! || *kaφsəntē!
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskē! || *kaφsəskē!
|}
{{col-end}}


====Ablaut patterns====
====Ablaut patterns====
Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "''a''-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "''i''-grade". (Also cf. [[Ancient Wiebian]].)


*present stem ''a'' - preterite stem ''e''
==Syntax==
*present stem ''ā'' - preterite stem ''ē''
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb.
*present stem ''o'' - preterite stem ''i''
== Gibberish ==
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ī''
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ē''
*present stem ''oi'' - preterite stem ''ei''
*present stem ''ou'' - preterite stem ''iu''
*present stem ''au'' - preterite stem ''eu''
 
===Derivational morphology===
====Ablaut patterns====


==Syntax==
*{{recon|''-is''}} = emphatic particle


[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]

Latest revision as of 00:46, 9 August 2022

Eta-Talmic/Lexicon
Eta-Talmic/Swadesh list

The Talmic languages (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ TAHL-mik) are a subfamily of the Quame languages, originally spoken chiefly in the Bitaleta region in the planet of Tricin.

Syntax

Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.

Morphology

Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify

Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.

History of Talmic studies

History of the term

The Talmic family was referred to as the "Kwēm languages" (Scellan: brits Cłeem) in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word cēm for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as Naquian, the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.

Todo

  • -nəm = patientive
  • sθan- = gather
    • sθannəm = gathering
      • Skellan sdann = (mathematics) set
    • ~ sta- in stāmom?
  • add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
    • -ssōs = another noun suffix
    • 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
    • lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū

Change 1pl.ex from m to b

Phonology

Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *θ *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *δ *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s [x] [χ] *h
voiced *γ *γʷ
Resonant *l *r *y *w

The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.

Vowels

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou

Derivational morphology

Affixes

Some derivational affixes are:

  • -nam (n.) = patient suffix
  • -ā- = verbalizer (from *-əx̌-; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
    • What if *-əx̌- meant something else in PQuih?
    • Roshterian -ia-/-i- - fossilized suffix in many verbs
  • -ākos (n.) = verbal noun (from *-əx̌- verbalizer + *-kas = older VN suffix)
    • Roshterian -iac
  • -akt(V)- = adjectivizer
    • Roshterian -ait

Ablaut patterns

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb.

Gibberish

φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.

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