Kwenya Greek: Difference between revisions

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'''Kwenya''' (''Κοινη'') is a Finnic-influenced Hellenic language.
'''Kwenya''' (''kwenyá'', κοινή) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.
 
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
== Diachronics ==
=== Proto-Kwenya ===
Essentially OTL's Koine Greek, η οι = /e{{raised}} ø/


<!-- Example categories/headings:
=== Old Kwenya ===
η ω → iə uə


Goals
Setting
Inspiration
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋk ŋkʰ/)
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ:/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
*π τ κ = /p t k/
*π τ κ = /p t k/
*β δ = /b d/
*β δ = /β{{lowered}} ð{{lowered}}/
*φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*σ γ = /s h/
*σ γ = /s h/
*ζ = /z/
*ζ = /z/
*ϝ ρ λ = /w ɾ l/
*ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja u e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ {{angbr|''a ë i o wi ya u e i yu ya yo we ũ''}}
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja wa e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ {{angbr|a ë i o wi ya wa e i yu ya yo we u}}


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is always initial.


====Intonation====
====Intonation====
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
nom/acc/gen/voc + Finnic-style cases. No articles or gender due to Finnic influence.
Kwenya nouns have the following template:


Principal parts: nominative, accusative, genitive, vocative singular; nominative, accusative, genitive plural.  
STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)


Direct objects of a negated verb are in the genitive.
Kwenya lost gender.
====Cases====


{{col-begin}}
====Possessive suffixes====
{{col-break}}
γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''γλωσσα'' 'tongue, language'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|''γλωσσα''<br/>''hlusa''||''γλωσσαι''<br/>''hluse''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|''γλωσσα!''<br/>''hlusa!''||''γλωσσαι!''<br/>''hluse!''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|''γλωσσαν''<br/>''hlusan''||''γλωσσαρ''<br/>''hlusar''
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''γλωσσαρ''<br/>''hlusar'' ||''γλωσσων''<br/>''hlusun''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''γλωσσανειρ''<br/>''hlusanir'' ||''γλωσσαρειρ''<br/>''hlusarir''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''γλωσσανδο''<br/>''hlusando'' ||''γλωσσωνενδο''<br/>''hlusunëndo''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''γλωσσαξε''<br/>''hlusaksë'' ||''γλωσσωνεξε''<br/>''hlusunëksë''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''γλωσσαρειτ''<br/>''hlusarit'' ||''γλωσσωνειτ''<br/>''hlusunit''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''γλωσσαβαι''<br/>''hlusabe'' ||''γλωσσωμβαι''<br/>''hlusumbe''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''γλωσσαμπο''<br/>''hlusampo'' ||''γλωσσαπο''<br/>''hlusapo''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''γλωσσαδω''<br/>''hlusadu'' ||''γλωσσωνδω''<br/>''hlusundu''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''γλωσσαπρε''<br/>''hlusaprë'' ||''γλωσσωμπρε''<br/>''hlusumprë''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''γλωσσανειν''<br/>''hlusanin'' ||''γλωσσαρειν''<br/>''hlusarin''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''γλωσσαχω''<br/>''hlusakhu'' ||''γλωσσωγχω''<br/>''hlusankhu''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''γλωσσαμε''<br/>''hlusamë'' ||''γλωσσωμμε''<br/>''hlusummë''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''οικορ'' 'house'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|''οικορ''<br/>''wekor''||''οικοι''<br/>''wekwe''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|''οικε!''<br/>''wekë!''||''οικοι!''<br/>''wekwe!''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|''οικον''<br/>''wekon''||''οικουρ''<br/>''wekũr''
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''οικου''<br/>''wekũ'' ||''οικων''<br/>''wekun''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''οικονειρ''<br/>''wekonir'' ||''οικουρειρ''<br/>''wekũrir''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''οικουνδο''<br/>''wekũndo'' ||''οικωνενδο''<br/>''wekunëndo''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''οικουξε''<br/>''wekũksë'' ||''οικωνεξε''<br/>''wekunëksë''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''οικουρειτ''<br/>''wekũrit'' ||''οικωνειτ''<br/>''wekunit''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''οικουβαι''<br/>''wekũbe'' ||''οικωμβαι''<br/>''wekumbe''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''οικομπο''<br/>''wekompo'' ||''οικουπο''<br/>''wekũpo''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''οικουδω''<br/>''wekũdu'' ||''οικωνδω''<br/>''wekundu''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''οικουπρε''<br/>''wekũprë'' ||''οικωμπρε''<br/>''wekumprë''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''οικονειν''<br/>''wekonin'' ||''οικουρειν''<br/>''wekũrin''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''οικουχω''<br/>''wekũkhu'' ||''οικωγχω''<br/>''wekunkhu''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''οικουμε''<br/>''wekũmë'' ||''οικωμμε''<br/>''wekummë''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''δωρον'' 'gift'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|''δωρον''<br/>''duron'' ||''δωρα''<br/>''dura''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|''δωρον!''<br/>''duron!''||''δωρα!''<br/>''dura!''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|''δωρον''<br/>''duron''||''δωρα''<br/>''dura''
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''δωρου''<br/>''durũ'' ||''δωρων''<br/>''durun''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''δωρονειρ''<br/>''duronir'' ||''δωραρειρ''<br/>''durarir''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''δωρουνδο'' ||''δωρωνενδο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''δωρουξε'' ||''δωρωνεξε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''δωρουειτ'' ||''δωρωνειτ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''δωρουβαι'' ||''δωρωμβαι''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''δωρομπο'' ||''δωραπο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''δωρουδω'' ||''δωρωνδω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''δωρουπρε'' ||''δωρωμπρε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''δωρονειν'' ||''δωραρειν''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''δωρουχω'' ||''δωρωγχω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''δωρουμε'' ||''δωρωμμε''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''πολιρ'' 'city'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|''πολιρ''||''πολερ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|''πολι!''||''πολερ!''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|''πολιν''||''πολερ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''πολιωρ'' ||''πολιων''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''πολινειρ'' ||''πολερειρ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''πολιωνδο'' ||''πολιωνενδο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''πολιωξε'' ||''πολιωνεξε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''πολιωρειτ'' ||''πολιωνειτ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''πολιωβαι'' ||''πολιωμβαι''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''πολιμπο'' ||''πολεπο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''πολιωδω'' ||''πολιωνδω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''πολιωπρε'' ||''πολιωμπρε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''πολινειν'' ||''πολερειν''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''πολιωχω'' ||''πολιωγχω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''πολιωμε'' ||''πολιωμμε''
|}
{{col-end}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative form. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs.
Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''καλορ'' 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
|+ καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''καλορ''<br/>''kalor''||''καλοι''<br/>''kalwe''
|καλος<br/>kalor
|rowspan=2|καλοι<br/>kale
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''καλη''<br/>''kalya''||''καλαι''<br/>''kale''
|καλη<br/>kalya
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''καλον''<br/>''kalon''||''καλα''<br/>''kala''
|καλον<br/>kalon||καλα<br/>kala
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''καλ(ο)-''<br/>''kal(o)-''
|colspan="2"|καλ(ο)-<br/>kal(o)-
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''καλορ'' 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
|+ καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''καλορων''<br/>''kalorun''||''καλοντερ''<br/>''kalontër''
|καλοςων<br/>kalorun
|rowspan=2|καλοντες<br/>kalontër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''καληρα''<br/>''kalyara''||''καλαιραι''<br/>''kalere''
|καληρα<br/>kalyara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''καλονον''<br/>''kalonon''||''καλαντα''<br/>''kalanta''
|καλονον<br/>kalonon||καλαντα<br/>kalanta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''καλομοντ''<br/>''kalomont''
|colspan="2"|καλομοντ<br/>kalomont
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''καλορ'' 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
|+ καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|active
!|active
|''καλοστι!''<br/>''kalosti!''||''καλοστε!''<br/>''kalostë!''
|καλοστι!<br/>kalosti!||καλοστε!<br/>kalostë!
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ευγενηρ'' 'polite' (3nd decl.)
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.)
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''ευγενηρ''<br/>''yuhënyar''||''ευγενειρ''<br/>''yuhënir''
|ευγενης<br/>yuhënyar
|rowspan=2|ευγενεις<br/>yuhënir
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''ευγενηρ''<br/>''yuhënyar''||''ευγενειρ''<br/>''yuhënir''
|ευγενης<br/>yuhënyar
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''ευγενερ''<br/>''yuhënër''||''ευγενη''<br/>''yuhënya''
|ευγενες<br/>yuhënër||ευγενη<br/>yuhënya
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''ευγεν(ο)-''<br/>''yuhën(o)-''
|colspan="2"|ευγεν(ο)-<br/>yuhën(o)-
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ευγενηρ'' 'polite' (3nd decl.); past tense
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''ευγενηρων''<br/>''yuhënyarun''||''ευγενειντερ''<br/>''yuhënintër''
|ευγενηςων<br/>yuhënyarun
|rowspan=2|ευγενειντες<br/>yuhënintër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''ευγενηρα''<br/>''yuhënyara''||''ευγενειραι''<br/>''yuhënire''
|ευγενηςα<br/>yuhënyara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''ευγενερον''<br/>''yuhënëron''||''ευγενηντα''<br/>''yuhënyanta''
|ευγενεςον<br/>yuhënëron||ευγενηντα<br/>yuhënyanta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''ευγενομοντ''<br/>''yuhënomont''
|colspan="2"|ευγενομοντ<br/>yuhënomont
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ευγενηρ'' 'polite' (3nd decl.); imperative
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|active
!|active
|''ευγενοστι!''<br/>''yuhënosti!''||''ευγενοστε!''<br/>''yuhënostë!''
|ευγενοστι!<br/>yuhënosti!||ευγενοστε!<br/>yuhënostë!
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Two voices: active, passive
Principal parts: present stem, past stem
Principal parts: present stem, past stem
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - present active
|+ φαγων 'eat' - present active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγων''<br/>''phahun''||''φαγοντερ''<br/>''phahontër''
|φαγων<br/>phahun
|rowspan=2|φαγοντες<br/>phahontër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγουρα''<br/>''phahũra''||''φαγουραι''<br/>''phahũre''
|φαγουςα<br/>phahũra
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγον''<br/>''phahon''||''φαγοντα''<br/>''phahonta''
|φαγον<br/>phahon||φαγοντα<br/>phahonta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''φαγοντ''<br/>''phahont''
|colspan="2"|φαγοντ<br/>phahont
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - past active
|+ φαγων 'eat' - past active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγαρ''<br/>''phahar''||''φαγαντερ''<br/>''phahantër''
|φαγας<br/>phahar
|rowspan=2|φαγαντες<br/>phahantër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγαρα''<br/>''phahara''||''φαγαραι''<br/>''phahare''
|φαγαςα<br/>phahara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγαν''<br/>''phahan''||''φαγαντα''<br/>''phahanta''
|φαγαν<br/>phahan||φαγαντα<br/>phahanta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''φαγαρ''<br/>''phahar''
|colspan="2"|φαγας<br/>phahar
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - imperative active
|+ φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|active
!|active
|''φαγε!''<br/>''phahë!''||''φαγετε!''<br/>''phahëtë!''
|φαγε!<br/>phahë!||φαγετε!<br/>phahëtë!
|}
|}




{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - present passive
|+ φαγων 'eat' - present passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγομενορ''<br/>''phahomënor''||''φαγομενοι''<br/>''phahomënwe''
|φαγομενος<br/>phahomënor
|rowspan=2|φαγομενοι<br/>phahomëne
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγομενη''<br/>''phahomënya''||''φαγομεναι''<br/>''phahomëne''
|φαγομενη<br/>phahomënya
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγομενον''<br/>''phahomënon''||''φαγομενα''<br/>''phahomëna''
|φαγομενον<br/>phahomënon||φαγομενα<br/>phahomëna
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''φαγομεν''<br/>''phahomën''
|colspan="2"|φαγομεν<br/>phahomën
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - past passive
|+ φαγων 'eat' - past passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγομενορων''<br/>''phahamënorun''||''φαγαμενοντερ''<br/>''phahamënontër''
|φαγομενοςων<br/>phahamënorun
|rowspan=2|φαγαμενοντες<br/>phahamënontër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγομενηρα''<br/>''phahamënyara''||''φαγαμεναιραι''<br/>''phahamënere''
|φαγομενηςα<br/>phahamënyara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγαμενονον''<br/>''phahamënonon''||''φαγαμεναντα''<br/>''phahamënanta''
|φαγαμενονον<br/>phahamënonon||φαγαμεναντα<br/>phahamënanta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''φαγομενομοντ''<br/>''phahomënomont''
|colspan="2"|φαγομενομοντ<br/>phahomënomont
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - imperative passive
|+ φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|active
!|active
|''φαγομενοστι!''<br/>''phahomënosti!''||''φαγομενοστε!''<br/>''phahomënostë!''
|φαγομεστι!<br/>phahomësti!||φαγομεστε!<br/>phahomëstë!
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Line 475: Line 257:
All numbers are indeclinable:
All numbers are indeclinable:


1-10: ''ën'', ''dwi'', ''trya'', ''tëttar'', ''pënta'', ''ësta'', ''ëpta'', ''ohta'', ''ënnya'', ''dëka''
1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka


11-20: ëndyutrũ ... ikori'' (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)
11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)


100: ''ëkaton''
100: ëkaton


1000: ''khilya''
1000: khilya


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Kwenya is completely head-final like Korean, Tamil and Turkish.
Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===

Latest revision as of 14:21, 11 March 2023

Kwenya (kwenyá, κοινή) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.

Introduction

Diachronics

Proto-Kwenya

Essentially OTL's Koine Greek, η οι = /e̝ ø/

Old Kwenya

η ω → iə uə

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ:/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
  • π τ κ = /p t k/
  • β δ = /β̞ ð̞/
  • φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • σ γ = /s h/
  • ζ = /z/
  • ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/

Vowels

α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja wa e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ ⟨a ë i o wi ya wa e i yu ya yo we u⟩

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Kwenya nouns have the following template: 

STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)

Kwenya lost gender.

Cases

Possessive suffixes

γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...

Adjectives

Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎

καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
Singular Plural
male καλος
kalor 		καλοι
kale
female καλη
kalya
inanimate καλον
kalon		 καλα
kala
attributive καλ(ο)-
kal(o)-


καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male καλοςων
kalorun 		καλοντες
kalontër
female καληρα
kalyara
inanimate καλονον
kalonon		 καλαντα
kalanta
attributive καλομοντ
kalomont


καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active καλοστι!
kalosti!		 καλοστε!
kalostë!

ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.)
Singular Plural
male ευγενης
yuhënyar 		ευγενεις
yuhënir
female ευγενης
yuhënyar
inanimate ευγενες
yuhënër		 ευγενη
yuhënya
attributive ευγεν(ο)-
yuhën(o)-


ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male ευγενηςων
yuhënyarun 		ευγενειντες
yuhënintër
female ευγενηςα
yuhënyara
inanimate ευγενεςον
yuhënëron		 ευγενηντα
yuhënyanta
attributive ευγενομοντ
yuhënomont


ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active ευγενοστι!
yuhënosti!		 ευγενοστε!
yuhënostë!


Verbs

Two voices: active, passive

Principal parts: present stem, past stem

φαγων 'eat' - present active
Singular Plural
male φαγων
phahun 		φαγοντες
phahontër
female φαγουςα
phahũra
inanimate φαγον
phahon		 φαγοντα
phahonta
attributive φαγοντ
phahont


φαγων 'eat' - past active
Singular Plural
male φαγας
phahar 		φαγαντες
phahantër
female φαγαςα
phahara
inanimate φαγαν
phahan		 φαγαντα
phahanta
attributive φαγας
phahar


φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
Singular Plural
active φαγε!
phahë!		 φαγετε!
phahëtë!


φαγων 'eat' - present passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενος
phahomënor 		φαγομενοι
phahomëne
female φαγομενη
phahomënya
inanimate φαγομενον
phahomënon		 φαγομενα
phahomëna
attributive φαγομεν
phahomën


φαγων 'eat' - past passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενοςων
phahamënorun 		φαγαμενοντες
phahamënontër
female φαγομενηςα
phahamënyara
inanimate φαγαμενονον
phahamënonon		 φαγαμεναντα
phahamënanta
attributive φαγομενομοντ
phahomënomont


φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
Singular Plural
active φαγομεστι!
phahomësti!		 φαγομεστε!
phahomëstë!


Numbers

All numbers are indeclinable:

1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka

11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)

100: ëkaton

1000: khilya

Syntax

Constituent order

Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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