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'''Old Zoki''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]]. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]].
==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''ṇ''' /n̪/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Plosive
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
! Voiceless
| *'''ṭ''' /t̪/<br>*'''ḍ''' /d̪/
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
|-
|-
! Fricative
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
! Voiced
|
|
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''kh''' /x/
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Voiceless
|
|
|
|
| *'''j''' /d͡ʒ/
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels were used:
The following vowel phonemes are used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! Central
! colspan="2" | Back
! Back
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''ī''' /iː/
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
|
|  
|
| *'''u''' /u/
| *'''ū''' /uː/
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''ē''' /eː/
|  
|
|
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
|
|  
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
| *'''ấ''' /ɔː/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|
|
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
| *'''a''' /a/
| *'''ā''' /äː/
|
|
|
|}
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Roots===
===Pronouns===
Like the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages of the Middle East, Old Zoki made use of a wealth of consonantal roots out of which various verbs and nouns could be formed. They could contain either two or three consonants. A sampling of some common consonantal roots is given below:
The following pronouns were used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="3"|Root
!rowspan="4" |
! Cognate (Rttirri)
! Meaning
|-
|-
| ''k''
!colspan="2" | 1st
| ''b''
!colspan="2" | 2nd
| —
!colspan="8" | 3rd
| /kɑpɑ/
| to stop
|-
|-
| ''sh''
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
| ''j''
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
| —
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
| /t͡ʃi/
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
| to eat
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
|-
| ''m''
! Masc.
| ''ṇ''
! Neut.
| —
! Fem.
| /munu/
! Them.
| to drink
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
|-
| ''ṭ''
! Nominative
| ''kh''
| ''*shig''
| —
| ''*e''
| /fiu/
| ''*far''
| to work
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
|-
| ''s''
! Accusative
| ''g''
| ''*amí''
| —
| ''*esmí''
| /tøki/
| ''*fí''
| to lend
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
|-
| ''t''
! Genitive
| ''b''
| ''*míne''
| —
| ''*eso''
| /ʂipi/
| ''*tíve''
| to tell, inform
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
|-
| ''k''
! Dative
| ''l''
| ''*mísho''
| —
| ''*esmej''
| /kiɽi/
| ''*phájo''
| to learn, study
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
| ''p''
! Ablative
| ''k''
| ''*míd''
| —
| ''*esmed''
| /hiki/
| ''*fíd''
| to grow
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*turos''
|-
|-
| ''z''
! Locative
| ''g''
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| —
| ''*esmaj''
| /ʃɑku/ (to trim)
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| to edit, correct
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
|-
| ''k''
! Instrumental
| ''ḍ''
| ''*esmáj''
| —
| ''*fasmo''
| /kɑʔu/ (to squeeze)
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| to have, own
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*rinash''
|-
|-
| ''b''
! Comitative
| ''zh''
| ''*amík''
| —
| ''*esmík''
| /piçi/ (electricity)
| ''*fík''
| to spark, flash, glow
| ''*vosík''
| ''*tyrom''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rinsom''
|-
|-
| ''n''
! Illative
| ''kh''
| ''*míshor''
| —
| ''*esmen''
| /nuwu/ (water)
| ''*phájor''
| to douse, splash
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*turon''
| ''*rinchen''
|}
 
====Case declension====
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
| ''d''
! rowspan="3" |
| ''k''
| —
| /ʈukɑ/ (pouch)
| to trap, enclose
|-
|-
| ''kh''
! colspan="4" | Singular
| ''f''
! colspan="4" | Plural
| ''g''
| /wøi/
| to become
|-
|-
| ''g''
! Masc.
| ''j''
! Neut.
| ''ṇ''
! Fem.
| /jɑnɑ/
! Them.
| to cook
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
|-
| ''ḍ''
! Nominative
| ''j''
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''m''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| /cɑmɑ/ (to sew)
| ''*-(a)s''
| to connect, join
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
|-
| ''ṭ''
! Accusative
| ''j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''ṇ''
| ''*-(e)s''
| /çnini/ (problem)
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
| to bother
|-
|-
| ''g''
! Genitive (inalienable)
| ''j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| ''m''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
| /jɑmɑi/ (fire)
| to burn
|-
|-
| ''b''
! Genitive (alienable)
| ''v''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| ''l''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
| /pøɽɑu/ (bread)
| to expand, puff up
|-
|-
| ''ṭ''
! Dative
| ''k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| ''l''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
| /tʼuɽɑ/ (boss)
| to supervise, spy on, follow
|-
|-
| ''m''
! Ablative
| ''p''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| ''j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
| /mɑhɑi/ (to name)
| to identify, choose
|}
 
===Verbs===
====Verb forms====
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.
 
Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] /t͡ʃiu/ "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufukh'', cognate to Rttirri /ɻiɳøu/). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
!colspan="6"|Forms
! Adessive
!colspan="2"|Examples
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
|-
!Form
! Inessive
!Past
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
!Present
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
!Future
!Gerund
!Meaning
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''ṭ-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
|-
|-
! I
! Instrumental
| ''shikh ___''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''shikh ___''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''nufukh ___''
| to do something skillful or foreign
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
|-
|-
! II
! Comitative
| ''_ō_(e_)''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''ṭējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
|-
|-
! III
! Illative
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
| ''_ī_(i_)''
| ''_ấ_(â_)''
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''ṭājaṇ'' – he hesitates
|-
! IV
| ''_i_ō(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''ṭijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
|-
! V
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''_i_ī(_i)''
| ''_i_ấ(_â)''
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''ṭijāṇa'' – he annoys
|}
|}


====Verb inflection====
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:


:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'
===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
|-
|-
!colspan="6" | Athematic
!colspan="6" | Thematic
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
Line 325: Line 358:
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
|-
!Past
| ''*mo-''
| ''*om-''
| ''*ap-''
| ''*am-''
| ''*bo-''
| ''*bom-''
|-
!Present
| ''*na-''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*af-''
| ''*sam-''
| —
| ''*khem-''
|-
!Future
| ''*ne-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*ke-''
| ''*mīj-''
| ''*j-''
| ''*mēj-''
|}
===Nouns===
Most nouns were pluralized with ''*-m'' if they ended with a vowel, or ''*-mi'' if they ended with a consonant. A small class of nouns ending in ''*-ey/y'' (historically, a diminutive suffix) were pluralized instead with ''*-mizh''.
The following pronouns are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
Line 370: Line 365:
! Pl.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
!Past
| ''*nak''
| ''*-ø''
| ''*naw''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*āt''
| ''*-as''
| ''*sak''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*âtū''
| ''*-a''
| ''*âk''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
! Accusative
!Present
| ''*ni''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*me''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*ki''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*se''
| ''*-te''
| ''*yo''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*goj''
| ''*-ach''
|-
| ''*-o''
! Possessive<br>noun prefix
| ''*-om''
| ''*na-''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*-et''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*-och''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}
===Syntax===
Standard word order was subject-object-verb (SOV).
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Muse-m asi-m bom-shōj.
:cat-PL mouse-PL 3PL.PST-eat.Form_II
:The cats ate the mice.
Adjectives followed nouns.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Biṇu tavdav
:light bright
:the bright light
However, verb-subject-object (VSO) order was used for some purposes, most commonly conditionals and subjunctives.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Na-kāl nak gijấnâ, biza shagya na-kēḍ mis Tấmo.
:1SG.PRES 1SG.NOM cook.Form_V.GER, husband beautiful 1SG.PRES-have.Form_II like Tấmo
:If I learned how to cook, I would get a handsome husband like Tấmo (has).
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