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| '''Netagin''' (''barits Natāgīn'') is a triconsonantal language inspired by Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, spoken in Western Etalocin. This page describes Ancient Netagin, the oldest attested stage of Netagin.
| | =Ancient literature= |
| ==Todo==
| | *Ancient Talmic, Windermere etc. epics |
| *''-īn, -iyyō, -īnā'' = adjectival/abstract suffix | | *Tracts describing religious rituals such as hand-washing |
| *final -ʔ to block initial seimhiu in descendants | | *Sondmoridh Manuscripts |
| *Honorific system | | *The Ngăthoar |
| *Imperatives? Moods/seq of tenses? | |
|
| |
|
| ===Roots=== | | =Gweats literature= |
| *''n-t-g'': sing
| | =Fnüeng literature= |
| *''r-s-d'': learn
| |
| *''z-ʔ-r'': go
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| *''w-r-f'': love
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| *''b-n-s'': hide
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| *''3-z-f'': poke
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| *''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor
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| *''ŋ-t-w'': know
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| *''k-n-f'': rationality
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| *''h-ŋ-ts'': empty, null
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| *''ħ-d-k'': warm
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| *''ts-ŋ-ṭ'': garden, horticulture
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| *''g-m-z'': letter, element
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| *''s-b-r'': compassion, sympathy
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| *''f-x-r'': agree, blend
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|
| |
|
| ===Patterns=== | | =Classical Period literature= |
| *''1a22ū3'' = an adjective pattern | | *Emisom Grouid's translations and poetry |
| *''na1ā2ī3''? | | *Lesch Mltzhyphe's tragedies |
| | *Etsoj Jopah's poetry |
| | *Alice in Wonderland/Proto-Hofstadterian stuff |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology== | | =Romantic literature= |
| Ancient Netagin had the following consonants (note no /l/!):
| | *Industrial revolution, some of its harms |
| | **Two opposing camps: one favors returning to preindustrial society and one favors more tech and social development to fix problems |
|
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|
| m n ŋ
| | ==Horror and science fiction== |
| tʰ t kʰ k ʔ
| | In Talma, horror literature first took off in Amphir during the Romantic period and its literary influence spread to Skella and Fyxoom, which developed it into Lovecraft-esque science fiction literature. Horror literature also greatly influenced [[Verse:Tricin/Talma/Music|Talman classical music]] during the late Romantic period. |
| b d g
| |
| f s ts ɬ tɬ ħ h
| |
| z ʕ
| |
| w r j
| |
| | |
| {{angbr|'''m n ŋ t ṭ k q ʔ b d g f s ts x tx ħ h z ȝ w r y'''}}
| |
| | |
| The following vowels were used:
| |
|
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|
| <poem> | | <poem> |
| i iː u uː | | hm, i would picture a lovecraftian romance to have the romance be... consuming, destructive, the world falling around it |
| a aː oː
| | like an occultist gone mad but the relationship they have with their god is more... personal |
| aj aw
| | if i want to be "literary" i could easily imagine consuming romance as related here to like, consuming forbidden nowledge |
| </poem> | | </poem> |
|
| |
|
| {{angbr|'''i ī u ū a ā ō ay aw'''}}
| | ===Figures=== |
| | | *'''Hyjad Orphair''' was a late Romantic author who is best known for her enormously successful ''Jyndychouis'' cycle of horror + romance novels. It was made into a ''vylám'' (opera) ''Jyndychouis'' by the Amphirese composer Propanol Mochraid, the best known of the late Talman Romantic ''vylám''s. |
| Stress is marked with an acute accent.
| |
| | |
| ==Morphology== | |
| ===Nouns and adjectives===
| |
| The definite article was ''ʔis-''.
| |
| ====Number====
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| Three numbers: sg, du/col, pl
| |
| | |
| Two genders: plain, honorific
| |
| | |
| Honorific marked with -ah
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| | |
| absolute, construct, possessed forms
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| | |
| Definite article: ha-(gemination)
| |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ Noun and adjective endings
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Singulative !! colspan="2" | Dual-collective !! colspan="2" | Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | absolute !! style="width: 90px;" | construct !! style="width: 90px;" | absolute !! style="width: 90px;" | construct !! style="width: 90px;" | absolute !! style="width: 90px;" | construct
| |
| |-
| |
| !Air
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| ||''-i''||''-∅''||''-ūʔ''||''-ū''||''-āʔ''||''-ā''
| |
| |-
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| !Earth
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| ||''-an''||''-ā''||''-ōnūʔ''||''-ōnū''||''-ōnāʔ''||''-ōnā''
| |
| |-
| |
| !Fire
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| ||''-in''||''-ay''||''-ayyūʔ''||''-ayyū''||''-ayyāʔ''||''-ayyā''
| |
| |-
| |
| !Water
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| ||''-ōti, -ti''||''-at, -t''||''-(a)tūʔ''||''-(a)tū''||''-(a)tāʔ''||''-(a)tā''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| For example, below are the declensions of ''yarifi'' (m.) = 'wheel'; ''bīlan'' (f.) = 'woman, wife'; ''mufgōrin'' (t.) = 'castle'; ''qabatxōt'' (a.) = 'alligator':
| |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
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| |+ Sample nouns
| |
| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Singulative !! colspan="2" | Dual-collective !! colspan="2" | Plurative
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | absolute !! style="width: 90px;" | construct !! style="width: 90px;" | absolute !! style="width: 90px;" | construct !! style="width: 90px;" | absolute !! style="width: 90px;" | construct
| |
| |-
| |
| !Air
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| ||''yarifi''||''yarif''||''yarifūʔ''||''yarifū''||''yarifāʔ''||''yarifā''
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| |-
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| !Earth
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| ||''bīlan''||''bīlā''||''bīlōnūʔ''||''bīlōnū''||''bīlōnāʔ''||''bīlōnā''
| |
| |-
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| !Fire
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| ||''mufgōrin''||''mufgōray''||''mufgōrayyūʔ''||''mufgōrayyū''||''mufgōrayyāʔ''||''mufgōrayyā''
| |
| |-
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| !Water
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| ||''qabatxōti''||''qabatxat''||''qabatxtūʔ''||''qabatxtū''||''qabatxtāʔ''||''qabatxtā''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Possessive suffixes====
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+Air singulative nouns
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| |-
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| ! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
| |
| |-
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| ! 1
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| | ''yarifiki'' || ''yarifitū'' || ''yarifitā''
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| |-
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| ! 2
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| | ''yarifini'' || ''yarifinū'' || ''yarifinā''
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| |-
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| ! 3
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| | ''yarifihi'' || ''yarifihū'' || ''yarifihā''
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| |}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+Earth singulative nouns
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| |-
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| ! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
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| |-
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| ! 1
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| | ''bilāki'' || ''bilātū'' || ''bilātā''
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| |-
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| ! 2
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| | ''bilāni'' || ''bilānū'' || ''bilānā''
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| |-
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| ! 3
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| | ''bilāhi'' || ''bilāhū'' || ''bilāhā''
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| |}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+Fire singulative nouns
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| |-
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| ! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
| |
| |-
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| ! 1
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| | ''mufgōrayki'' || ''mufgōraytū'' || ''mufgōraytā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 2
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| | ''mufgōrayni'' || ''mufgōraynū'' || ''mufgōraynā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 3
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| | ''mufgōrayhi'' || ''mufgōrayhū'' || ''mufgōrayhā''
| |
| |}
| |
| {{col-break}}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+Water singulative nouns
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| |-
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| ! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
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| | ''qabatxtiki'' || ''qabatxtitū'' || ''qabatxtitā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 2
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| | ''qabatxtini'' || ''qabatxtinū'' || ''qabatxtinā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 3
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| | ''qabatxtihi'' || ''qabatxtihū'' || ''qabatxtihā''
| |
| |}
| |
| {{col-end}}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+Dual-collective nouns
| |
| |-
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| ! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''yarifūki'' || ''yarifūtū'' || ''yarifūtā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 2
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| | ''yarifūni'' || ''yarifūnū'' || ''yarifūnā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 3
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| | ''yarifūhi'' || ''yarifūhū'' || ''yarifūhā''
| |
| |}
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+Plurative nouns
| |
| |-
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| ! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
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| | ''yarifāki'' || ''yarifātū'' || ''yarifātā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 2
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| | ''yarifāni'' || ''yarifānū'' || ''yarifānā''
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| |-
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| ! 3
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| | ''yarifāhi'' || ''yarifāhū'' || ''yarifāhā''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
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| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="3" | First person !! colspan="3" | Second person !! colspan="3" | Third person
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Dual !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Dual !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Dual !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !Independent
| |
| ||''ʔakti''||''ʔantū''||''ʔantā''||''ʔanni''||''ʔannū''||''ʔannā''||''hini (a)''<br/>''hinan (hon.)''||''hinnū''||''hinnā''
| |
| |-
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| !Clitic
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| ||''-ki''||''-tū''||''-tā''||''-ni''||''-nū''||''-nā''||''-hi''||''-hū''||''-hā''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| Ancient Netagin has at least 12 binyanim:
| |
| *Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
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| *Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
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| *Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
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| *Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
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| *Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix ''be-'' (applicative).
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| *Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
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| *Binyan 7 - telic
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| *Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
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| *Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
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| *Binyan 10 - "-le"
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| *Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.
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| *Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
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| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! Binyan !! Imperfective !! Perfective !! Active<br/>Participle !! Passive<br/>Participle !! Action noun
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| |-
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| ! 1
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| | ''1a2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ō2i3'' || ''1i2u3'' || ''1i2i3i''
| |
| |-
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| ! 2
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| | ''1a2ō3'' || ''-a12ū3'' || ''1a2ī3'' || ''1a2ū3'' || ''1u2ā3''
| |
| |-
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| ! 3
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| | ''ʔa12ī<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-uni12i3'' || ''mi1ːū2ā3'' || ''ti1ːū2ā3'' || ''ʔa12u3ti''
| |
| |-
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| ! 4
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| | ''ʔa12i3'' || ''-i1ːi2u3'' || ''ma12a3'' || ''ta12a3'' || ''ʔa12a3ō''
| |
| |-
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| ! 5
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| | ''ta12u3'' || ''-ut1a2i3'' || ''mut1a2u3'' || ''tut1a2u3'' || ''ta12ō3ō''
| |
| |-
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| ! 6
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| | ''ʔir1a2a3'' || ''-ur1i2u3'' || ''mur1i2u3'' || ''tur1i2u3'' || ''ʔur1a2i3i''
| |
| |-
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| ! 7
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| | ''ʔirta1a2u3'' || ''-urta1a2i3'' || ''murta1a2u3'' || ''turta1a2u3'' || ''tirta1a2ī3i''
| |
| |-
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| ! 8
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| | ''ʔi21a2i3'' || ''-i21i2u3'' || ''mu21ā2u3'' || ''tu21ā2u3'' || ''ʔu21a2i3i''
| |
| |-
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| ! 9
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| | ''1as2u3'' || ''-u1is2u3'' || ''mu1as2u3'' || ''tu1as2u3'' || ''tu1as2i3i''
| |
| |-
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| ! 10
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| | ''1i2a2i3'' || ''-i12i2u3'' || ''mu12i2u3'' || ''tu12i2u3'' || ''ti12a2i3i''
| |
| |-
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| ! 11
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| | ''1a2ā2u3'' || ''-i12ī2u3'' || ''mu12ā2u3'' || ''tu12ā2u3'' || ''tu12ā2i3i''
| |
| |-
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| ! 12
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| | ''1i31a2u3'' || ''-i1a31i2u3'' || ''mu1i31ā2u3'' || ''tu1i31ā2u3'' || ''1i31a2i3i''
| |
| |}
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| <sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''i'' when a suffix is added.
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| | |
| The ''participle'' is an agent noun or an adjective. Adverbializing it yields manner of action "as if to X".
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| | |
| The ''action noun'' ({{sc|axn}}) or ''gerund'' is used in action noun constructions, which are of the form SUBJECT-{{sc|gen}} AXN OBJECT-{{sc|acc}}. It is of importance in forming relative clauses, for Netagin does not have a relativizer.
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| ====Affixes====
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |+Present tense affixes
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| |-
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| ! !! Singular !! Dual-Coll. !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
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| | ''-ki'' || ''-kū'' || ''-kā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 2
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| | ''-an'' || ''-nū'' || ''-nā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 3
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| | ''-∅''<br/>''-ō'' (hon.) || ''-ū'' || ''-ā''
| |
| |-
| |
| !Imoersonal
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| |colspan='3'|''-ī''
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| |}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |+''ʔabnis'' 'steal'
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| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Dual-Coll. !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''ʔabniski'' || ''ʔabniskū'' || ''ʔabniskā''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2
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| | ''ʔabnisan'' || ''ʔabnisnū'' || ''ʔabnisnā''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3
| |
| | ''ʔabnis''<br/>''ʔabnisō'' (hon.) || ''ʔabnisū'' || ''ʔabnisā''
| |
| |-
| |
| !Impersonal
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| |colspan="3"| ''ʔabnisī''
| |
| |}
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |+Past tense affixes
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| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Dual-Coll. !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''t-'' || ''t-ū'' || ''t-ā''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2
| |
| | ''n-'' || ''n-ū'' || ''n-ā''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3
| |
| | ''h-''<br/>''h-ō'' (hon.)|| ''h-ū'' || ''h-ā''
| |
| |-
| |
| !Impersonal
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| |colspan='3'| ''y-''
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| |}
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |+''ʔabnis'' 'steal'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Dual-Coll. !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | ''tibbinus'' || ''tibbinusū'' || ''tibbinusā''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2
| |
| | ''nibbinus'' || ''nibbinusū'' || ''nibbinusā''
| |
| |-
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| ! 3
| |
| | ''hibbinus''<br/>''hibbinusō'' (hon.) || ''hibbinusū'' || ''hibbinusā''
| |
| |-
| |
| !Impersonal
| |
| |colspan="3"|''yibbinus''
| |
| |}
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| Ancient Netagin is almost completely head-initial; the unmarked word order is VSO.
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| | |
| :'''''Warafkini.''
| |
| :''I love you.''
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|
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|
| [[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Netagin]]
| | =Modern literature= |
| | ==Science fiction== |