Verse:Mwail/Dosubian: Difference between revisions

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Old Bhadhagha is a highly inflected fusional language, much more so than modern Bhadhagha. Much of [[Proto-Talmic]] morphology survives in Old Bhadhagha. However, Old Bhadhagha is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.


==Nouns==
Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.
The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative ''inom'', is ''in'' for singular nouns and ''na'' for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.
Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.
==Adjectives==
==Pronouns==
==Verb prefixes==
===Preverb prefixes===
===Object prefixes===
Object prefixes are inherited from [[Proto-Quihum]] and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
==Verb TAMs==
Old Bhadhagha inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Bhadhagha displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
*Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. ''túsaiṁ'' /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ''ní·tús'' /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern ''tús'')
*Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. ''soṁaiṁ'' /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ''ní·soṁa'' /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern ''somh'')
*Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. ''as·tóċ'' /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ''ní·assaċ'' /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern ''stóch'')
*Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. ''dor·coḃ'' /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< ''de-ar-cobymis'' 'at-on-bear'), ''ní·dérb'' /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern ''déarb'')
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
===Present===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' túsain'' < tússanis <br/>''ní·tús'' < nīstússan || ''soṁain'' < somynis <br/> ''ní·soṁ'' < nīssomyn || ''as·tóċan''  < astósācon<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīsástosācon || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·dérb''
|-
| 2SG || '' túsair'' < tússaris<br/>''ní·túsar'' < nīstússar || ''soṁair'' < somyris <br/> ''ní·soṁar'' < nīssomyr || ''as·tóċar'' < astósācor<br/>''ní·assaċar'' < nīsástosācor || ''dor·coḃar''<br/> ''ní·dérbar''
|-
| 3SG.M || '' túsaiṁ'' < tússamis<br/>''ní·tús'' < nīstússam || ''soṁaiṁ'' < somymis <br/> ''ní·soṁ'' < nīssomym || ''as·tóċ'' < astósācom<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīsástosācom || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·dérb''
|-
| 3SG.F || '' túsaé'' < tússasis<br/>''ní·túsaé'' < nīstússasi || ''soṁaé'' < somysis <br/> ''ní·soṁaé'' < nīssomysi || ''as·tóċaé'' < astósācosi<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīsástosācosi || ''dor·coḃaé''<br/> ''ní·dérbaé''
|-
| 3SG.N || '' tús'' < tússas<br/>''ní·tús'' < nīstússa || ''soiṁ'' < somis <br/> ''ní·soṁ'' < nīssomy || '' as·tóċ'' < astósācos<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīsástosāco || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·dérb''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsmae'' < tússamēs<br/>''ní·túsaiṁ'' < nīstússamē || ''sommae'' < somymēs <br/> ''ní·soṁaiṁ'' < nīssomymē || '' as·tóċaiṁ'' < astósācomē<br/>''ní·assaċaiṁ'' < nīsástosācomē || ''dor·coḃaiṁ''<br/> ''ní·dérbaiṁ''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsait'' < tússantis<br/>''ní·túsat'' < nīstússant || ''soṁait'' < somyntis <br/> ''ní·soṁat'' < nīssomynt || '' as·tóċat'' < astósācont<br/>''ní·assaċat'' < nīsástosācont || ''dor·coḃat''<br/> ''ní·dérbat''
|-
| 2PL || '' túsaisc'' < tússasces<br/>''ní·túsaisc'' < nīstússasce || ''soṁaisc'' < somysces <br/> ''ní·soṁasc'' < nīssomysce || '' as·tóċaisc'' < astósācosce<br/>''ní·assaċaisc'' < nīsástosācosce  || ''dor·coḃaisc''<br/> ''ní·dérbaisc''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsaiḋ'' < tússatis<br/>''ní·túsaḋ'' < nīstússat || ''soṁaiḋ'' < somytis <br/> ''ní·soṁaḋ'' < nīssomyt || '' as·tóċaḋ'' < astósācot<br/>''ní·assaċaḋ'' < nīsástosācot || ''dor·coḃaḋ''<br/> ''ní·dérbaḋ''
|}
===Imperfect===
The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' téussain'' < tétussanis <br/>''ní·téuss'' < nīstétussan || ''séṁain'' < sésomynis <br/> ''ní·séṁ'' < nīssésomyn || ''as·tecc'' <br/>''ní·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ní·dercob''
|-
| 2SG || '' téussair'' < tétussaris <br/>''ní·téussar'' < nīstétussar || ''séṁair'' < somyris <br/> ''ní·séṁar'' < nīssésomyr || ''as·teccar'' <br/>''ní·astóċar'' || ''dor·coġḃar''<br/> ''ní·dercobar''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''téussaiṁ'' < tétussamis<br/>''ní·téuss'' < nīstétussam || ''séṁaiṁ'' < sésomymis <br/> ''ní·séṁ'' < nīssésomym || ''as·tecc'' <br/>''ní·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ní·dercob''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''téussaé'' < tétussasis<br/>''ní·téussaé'' < nīstétussasi || ''séṁaé'' < sésomysis <br/> ''ní·séṁaé'' < nīssésomysi || ''as·teccaé'' <br/>''ní·astóċaé'' || ''dor·coġḃaé''<br/> ''ní·dercobaé''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''téuss'' < tétussas<br/>''ní·téuss'' < nīstétussa || ''séṁ'' < sésomis <br/> ''ní·séṁ'' < nīssésomy || '' as·tecc'' <br/>''ní·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ní·dercob''
|-
| 1EX || '' téussaiṁ'' < tétussamēs<br/>''ní·téussaiṁ'' < nīstétussamē || ''sémmae'' < sésomymēs <br/> ''ní·séṁaiṁ'' < nīssésomymē || '' as·teccaiṁ''<br/>''ní·astóċaiṁ'' || ''dor·coġḃaiṁ''<br/> ''ní·dercobaiṁ''
|-
| 1IN || '' téussait'' < tétussantis<br/>''ní·téussat'' < nīstétussant || ''séṁait'' < sésomyntis <br/> ''ní·séṁat'' < nīssésomynt || '' as·teccat'' <br/>''ní·astóċat'' || ''dor·coġḃat''<br/> ''ní·dercobat''
|-
| 2PL || '' téussaisc'' < tétussasces<br/>''ní·téussaisc'' < nīstétussasce || ''séṁaisc'' < sésomysces <br/> ''ní·soṁasc'' < nīssésomysce || '' as·teccaisc''<br/>''ní·astóċaisc''  || ''dor·coġḃaisc''<br/> ''ní·dercobaisc''
|-
| 3PL || '' téussaiḋ'' < tétussatis<br/>''ní·téussaḋ'' < nīstétussat || ''séṁaiḋ'' < sésomytis <br/> ''ní·séṁaḋ'' < nīssésomyt || '' as·teccaḋ'' <br/>''ní·astóċaḋ'' || ''dor·coġḃaḋ''<br/> ''ní·dercobaḋ''
|}
===Preterite===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' túsnaim'' < tússannemis <br/>''ní·túsainn'' < nīstússannem || ''siṁnim'' < siminnemis<br/>''ní·siṁinn'' < nīssiminnem || ''as·tóċainn'' < astósāconnem<br/>''ní·assaċainn'' < nīsástosāconnem || ''dor·ciḃinn''<br/> ''ní·déirbinn''
|-
| 2SG || '' túsaí'' < tússavȳs<br/>''ní·túsaí'' < nīstússavȳ || ''siṁí'' < simivȳs<br/>''ní·siṁí'' < nīssimivȳ || ''as·tóċaí'' < astósācovȳ<br/>''ní·assaċaí'' < nīsástosācovȳ || ''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·déirbí''
|-''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·déirbí''
| 3SG.M || '' túsaim'' < tússasmis<br/>''ní·túsaim'' < nīstússasmi || ''siṁim'' < simismis<br/>''ní·siṁim'' < nīssimismi || ''as·tóċaim'' < astósācosmi<br/>''ní·assaċaim'' < nīsástosācosmi || ''dor·ciḃim''<br/> ''ní·déirbim''
|-
| 3SG.F || '' túsais'' < tússastis<br/>''ní·túsais'' < nīstússasti || ''siṁis'' < simistis<br/>''ní·siṁis'' < nīssimisti || ''as·tóċais'' < astósācosti<br/>''ní·assaċais'' < nīsástosācosti || ''dor·ciḃis''<br/> ''ní·déirbis''
|-
| 3SG.N || '' túsá'' < tússasos<br/>''ní·túsá'' < nīstússaso || ''siṁeo'' < simisos<br/>''ní·siṁeo'' < nīssimiso || '' as·tóċá'' < astósācoso<br/>''ní·assaċá'' < nīsástosācoso || ''dor·ciḃeo''<br/> ''ní·déirbeo''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsmair'' < tússameris<br/>''ní·túsmar'' < nīstússamer || ''simmir'' < simimeris<br/>''ní·simmer'' < nīssimimeris || '' as·tóċmar'' < astósācomer<br/>''ní·assaċmar'' < nīsástosācomer || ''dor·ciḃmer''<br/> ''ní·déirbmer''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsdair'' < tússanteris<br/>''ní·túsdar'' < nīstússanter || ''siṁdir'' < siminteris<br/>''ní·siṁder'' < nīssiminteris || '' as·tóċdar'' < astósāconter<br/>''ní·assaċdar'' < nīsástosāconter || ''dor·ciḃder''<br/> ''ní·déirbder''
|-
| 2PL || '' tússcair'' < tússasceris<br/>''ní·tússcar'' < nīstússascer || ''siṁscir'' < simisceris<br/>''ní·siṁscer'' < nīssimisceris || '' as·tóċscar'' < astósācosceris<br/>''ní·assaċscar'' < nīsástosācoscer || ''dor·ciḃscer''<br/> ''ní·déirbscer''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsṫair'' < tússateris<br/>''ní·túsṫar'' < nīstússater || ''siṁṫir'' < simiteris<br/>''ní·siṁṫer'' < nīssimiteris || '' as·tóċṫar'' < astósācoter<br/>''ní·assaċṫar'' < nīsástosācoter || ''dor·ciḃṫer''<br/> ''ní·déirbṫer''
|}
===Future===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' túsṫain'' < tússatēnis <br/>''ní·túsaiḋ'' < nīstússatēn || ''sóitin'' < sontēnis <br/> ''ní·sóit'' < nīssontēn || ''as·tóċtan'' <br/>''ní·assaċt''  || ''dor·coċtan''<br/> ''ní·derċtan''
|-
| 2SG || '' túsṫair'' < tússatēris <br/>''ní·túsṫar'' < nīstússatēr || ''sóitir'' < sontēris <br/> ''ní·sóiter'' < nīssontēr || ''as·tóċtar'' <br/>''ní·assaċtar'' || ''dor·coċtar''<br/> ''ní·derċtar''
|-
| 3SG.M || '' túsṫaiṁ'' < tússatēmis <br/>''ní·túsaiḋ'' < nīstússatēm || ''sóitiṁ'' < sontēmis <br/> ''ní·sóit'' < nīssomym || ''as·tóċt'' <br/>''ní·assaċt'' || ''dor·coċt''<br/> ''ní·derċt''
|-
| 3SG.F || '' túsṫaé'' < tússatēsis<br/>''ní·túsṫaé'' < nīstússatēsi || ''sóité'' < sontēsis <br/> ''ní·sóité'' < nīssomysi || ''as·tóċtaé'' <br/>''ní·assaċtaé'' || ''dor·coċtaé''<br/> ''ní·derċtaé''
|-
| 3SG.N || '' túsaiḋ'' < tússatēs<br/>''ní·túsaiḋ'' < nīstússatē || ''sóit'' < sontēs <br/> ''ní·sóit'' < nīssontē || '' as·tóċt'' <br/>''ní·assaċt'' || ''dor·coċt''<br/> ''ní·derċt''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsṫaiṁ'' < tússatēmēs<br/>''túsṫaiṁ'' < nīstússatēmē || ''sóitiṁ'' < sontēmēs <br/> ''ní·sóiteṁ'' < nīssontēm || '' as·tóċtaiṁ'' <br/>''ní·assaċtaiṁ'' || ''dor·coċtaiṁ''<br/> ''ní·derċtaiṁ''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsṫait'' < tússatēntis<br/>''ní·túsṫat'' < nīstússatēnt || ''sóitit'' < sontēntis <br/> ''ní·sóitet'' < nīssontēnt || '' as·tóċtat'' <br/>''ní·assaċtat'' || ''dor·coċtat''<br/> ''ní·derċtat''
|-
| 2PL || '' túsṫaisc'' < tússatēsces<br/>''ní·túsṫaisc'' < nīstússatēsce || ''sóitisc'' < sontēsces <br/> ''ní·sóitisc'' < nīssontēsce || '' as·tóċtaisc''<br/>''ní·assaċtaisc''  || ''dor·coċtaisc''<br/> ''ní·derċtaisc''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsṫaiḋ'' < tússatētis<br/>''ní·túsṫaḋ'' < nīstússatēt || ''sóitiḋ'' < sontētis <br/> ''ní·sóiteḋ'' < nīssontēt || '' as·tóċtaḋ'' <br/>''ní·assaċtaḋ''  || ''dor·coċtaḋ''<br/> ''ní·derċtaḋ''
|}
===Present subjunctive===
===Past subjunctive===
===Imperative===
===Verbal noun===
[[Category:Old Bhadhagha]][[Category:Clotricin]]
[[Category:Bhadhagha]]

Latest revision as of 01:14, 24 June 2025

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