Verse:Mwail/Dosubian: Difference between revisions

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Old Bhadhagha is a highly inflected fusional language, much more so than modern Bhadhagha. Much of [[Proto-Talmic]] morphology survives in Old Bhadhagha. However, Old Bhadhagha is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.


==Nouns==
Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.
The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative ''inom'', is ''in'' for singular nouns and ''na'' for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.
Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''már'' 'tree'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''már'' || || ''mára''
|-
! Construct
| ''máradh'' || || ''márainn''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of '''' - 'bird'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''ɮoirot''||''ɮoirinnət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''ɮoiron''||''ɮoirinnən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''ɮoirossi''||''ɮoirinnəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''ɮoirossiu''||''ɮoirinnəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''ɮoirotiu''||''ɮoirinniu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''ɮoirotī''||''ɮoirinnī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''ɮoirota''||''ɮoirinna''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''ɮoirosmə''||''ɮoirinnəsmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''ɮoiroswi''||''ɮoirinnəswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''ɮoiroka''||''ɮoirinnəka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''ɮoirotōr''||''ɮoirinnətōr''
|}
==Adjectives==
==Pronouns==
==Verb prefixes==
===Preverb prefixes===
===Object prefixes===
Object prefixes are inherited from [[Proto-Quihum]] and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
==Verb TAMs==
Old Bhadhagha inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Bhadhagha displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
*Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. ''túsaiṁ'' /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ''ní·tús'' /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern ''tús'')
*Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. ''soṁaiṁ'' /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ''ní·soṁa'' /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern ''somh'')
*Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. ''as·tóċ'' /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ''ní·assaċ'' /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern ''stóch'')
*Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. ''de·arcoḃ'' /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< ''de-ar-cobym'' 'at-on-bear'), ''ní·dérb'' /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern ''déarb'')
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
===Present===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' túsain'' < tússanis <br/>''ní·tús'' < nīs tússan || ''soṁain'' < somynis <br/> ''ní·soṁ'' < nīs somyn || ''as·tóċan''  < astósācon<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīs ástosācon || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·dérb''
|-
| 2SG || '' túsair'' < tússaris<br/>''ní·túsar'' < nīs tússar || ''soṁair'' < somyris <br/> ''ní·soṁar'' < nīs somyr || ''as·tóċar'' < astósācor<br/>''ní·assaċar'' < nīs ástosācor || ''dor·coḃar''<br/> ''ní·dérbar''
|-
| 3SG.M || '' túsaiṁ'' < tússamis<br/>''ní·tús'' < nīs tússam || ''soṁaiṁ'' < somymis <br/> ''ní·soṁ'' < nīs somym || ''as·tóċ'' < astósācom<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīs ástosācom || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·dérb''
|-
| 3SG.F || '' túsaé'' < tússasis<br/>''ní·túsaé'' < nīs tússasi || ''soṁaé'' < somysis <br/> ''ní·soṁaé'' < nīs somysi || ''as·tóċaé'' < astósācosi<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīs ástosācosi || ''dor·coḃaé''<br/> ''ní·dérbaé''
|-
| 3SG.N || '' tús'' < tússas<br/>''ní·tús'' < nīs tússa || ''soiṁ'' < somis <br/> ''ní·soṁ'' < nīs somy || '' as·tóċ'' < astósācos<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīs ástosāco || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·dérb''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsmae'' < tússamēs<br/>''ní·túsaiṁ'' < nīs tússamē || ''sommae'' < somymēs <br/> ''ní·soṁaiṁ'' < nīs somymē || '' as·tóċaiṁ'' < astósācomē<br/>''ní·assaċaiṁ'' < nīs ástosācomē || ''dor·coḃaiṁ''<br/> ''ní·dérbaiṁ''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsait'' < tússantis<br/>''ní·túsat'' < nīs tússant || ''soṁait'' < somyntis <br/> ''ní·soṁat'' < nīs somynt || '' as·tóċat'' < astósācont<br/>''ní·assaċat'' < nīs ástosācont || ''dor·coḃat''<br/> ''ní·dérbat''
|-
| 2PL || '' túsaisc'' < tússasces<br/>''ní·túsaisc'' < nīs tússasce || ''soṁaisc'' < somysces <br/> ''ní·soṁasc'' < nīs somysce || '' as·tóċaisc'' < astósācosce<br/>''ní·assaċaisc'' < nīs ástosācosce  || ''dor·coḃaisc''<br/> ''ní·dérbaisc''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsaiḋ'' < tússatis<br/>''ní·túsaḋ'' < nīs tússat || ''soṁaiḋ'' < somytis <br/> ''ní·soṁaḋ'' < nīs somyt || '' as·tóċaḋ'' < astósācot<br/>''ní·assaċaḋ'' < nīs ástosācot || ''dor·coḃaḋ''<br/> ''ní·dérbaḋ''
|}
===Imperfect===
The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' téussain'' < tétussanis <br/>''ní·téuss'' < nīs tétussan || ''séṁain'' < sésomynis <br/> ''ní·séṁ'' < nīs sésomyn || ''as·tecc'' <br/>''ní·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ní·dercob''
|-
| 2SG || '' téussair'' < tétussaris <br/>''ní·téussar'' < nīs tétussar || ''séṁair'' < somyris <br/> ''ní·séṁar'' < nīs sésomyr || ''as·teccar'' <br/>''ní·astóċar'' || ''dor·coġḃar''<br/> ''ní·dercobar''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''téussaiṁ'' < tétussamis<br/>''ní·téuss'' < nīs tétussam || ''séṁaiṁ'' < sésomymis <br/> ''ní·séṁ'' < nīs sésomym || ''as·tecc'' <br/>''ní·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ní·dercob''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''téussaé'' < tétussasis<br/>''ní·téussaé'' < nīs tétussasi || ''séṁaé'' < sésomysis <br/> ''ní·séṁaé'' < nīs sésomysi || ''as·teccaé'' <br/>''ní·astóċaé'' || ''dor·coġḃaé''<br/> ''ní·dercobaé''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''téuss'' < tétussas<br/>''ní·téuss'' < nīs tétussa || ''séṁ'' < sésomis <br/> ''ní·séṁ'' < nīs sésomy || '' as·tecc'' <br/>''ní·astóċ'' || ''dor·coġḃ''<br/> ''ní·dercob''
|-
| 1EX || '' téussaiṁ'' < tétussamēs<br/>''ní·téussaiṁ'' < nīs tétussamē || ''sémmae'' < sésomymēs <br/> ''ní·séṁaiṁ'' < nīs sésomymē || '' as·teccaiṁ''<br/>''ní·astóċaiṁ'' || ''dor·coġḃaiṁ''<br/> ''ní·dercobaiṁ''
|-
| 1IN || '' téussait'' < tétussantis<br/>''ní·téussat'' < nīs tétussant || ''séṁait'' < sésomyntis <br/> ''ní·séṁat'' < nīs sésomynt || '' as·teccat'' <br/>''ní·astóċat'' || ''dor·coġḃat''<br/> ''ní·dercobat''
|-
| 2PL || '' téussaisc'' < tétussasces<br/>''ní·téussaisc'' < nīs tétussasce || ''séṁaisc'' < sésomysces <br/> ''ní·soṁasc'' < nīs sésomysce || '' as·teccaisc''<br/>''ní·astóċaisc''  || ''dor·coġḃaisc''<br/> ''ní·dercobaisc''
|-
| 3PL || '' téussaiḋ'' < tétussatis<br/>''ní·téussaḋ'' < nīs tétussat || ''séṁaiḋ'' < sésomytis <br/> ''ní·séṁaḋ'' < nīs sésomyt || '' as·teccaḋ'' <br/>''ní·astóċaḋ'' || ''dor·coġḃaḋ''<br/> ''ní·dercobaḋ''
|}
===Preterite===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' túsnaim'' < tússannemis <br/>''ní·túsainn'' < nīs tússannem || ''siṁnim'' < siminnemis<br/>''ní·siṁinn'' < nīs siminnem || ''as·tóċainn'' < astósāconnem<br/>''ní·assaċainn'' < nīs ástosāconnem || ''dor·ciḃinn''<br/> ''ní·déirbinn''
|-
| 2SG || '' túsaí'' < tússavȳs<br/>''ní·túsaí'' < nīs tússavȳ || ''siṁí'' < simivȳs<br/>''ní·siṁí'' < nīs simivȳ || ''as·tóċaí'' < astósācovȳ<br/>''ní·assaċaí'' < nīs ástosācovȳ || ''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·déirbí''
|-''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·déirbí''
| 3SG.M || '' túsaim'' < tússasmis<br/>''ní·túsaim'' < nīs tússasmi || ''siṁim'' < simismis<br/>''ní·siṁim'' < nīs simismi || ''as·tóċaim'' < astósācosmi<br/>''ní·assaċaim'' < nīs ástosācosmi || ''dor·ciḃim''<br/> ''ní·déirbim''
|-
| 3SG.F || '' túsais'' < tússastis<br/>''ní·túsais'' < nīs tússasti || ''siṁis'' < simistis<br/>''ní·siṁis'' < nīs simisti || ''as·tóċais'' < astósācosti<br/>''ní·assaċais'' < nīs ástosācosti || ''dor·ciḃis''<br/> ''ní·déirbis''
|-
| 3SG.N || '' túsá'' < tússasos<br/>''ní·túsá'' < nīs tússaso || ''siṁeo'' < simisos<br/>''ní·siṁeo'' < nīs simiso || '' as·tóċá'' < astósācoso<br/>''ní·assaċá'' < nīs ástosācoso || ''dor·ciḃeo''<br/> ''ní·déirbeo''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsmair'' < tússameris<br/>''ní·túsmar'' < nīs tússamer || ''simmir'' < simimeris<br/>''ní·simmer'' < nīs simimeris || '' as·tóċmar'' < astósācomer<br/>''ní·assaċmar'' < nīs ástosācomer || ''dor·ciḃmer''<br/> ''ní·déirbmer''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsdair'' < tússanteris<br/>''ní·túsdar'' < nīs tússanter || ''siṁdir'' < siminteris<br/>''ní·siṁder'' < nīs siminteris || '' as·tóċdar'' < astósāconter<br/>''ní·assaċdar'' < nīs ástosāconter || ''dor·ciḃder''<br/> ''ní·déirbder''
|-
| 2PL || '' tússcair'' < tússasceris<br/>''ní·tússcar'' < nīs tússascer || ''siṁscir'' < simisceris<br/>''ní·siṁscer'' < nīs simisceris || '' as·tóċscar'' < astósācosceris<br/>''ní·assaċscar'' < nīs ástosācoscer || ''dor·ciḃscer''<br/> ''ní·déirbscer''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsṫair'' < tússateris<br/>''ní·túsṫar'' < nīs tússater || ''siṁṫir'' < simiteris<br/>''ní·siṁṫer'' < nīs simiteris || '' as·tóċṫar'' < astósācoter<br/>''ní·assaċṫar'' < nīs ástosācoter || ''dor·ciḃṫer''<br/> ''ní·déirbṫer''
|}
===Future===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''soṁain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
|-
| 1SG || '' túsṫain'' < tússatēnis <br/>''ní·túsaiḋ'' < nīs tússatēn || ''sóitin'' < sontēnis <br/> ''ní·sóit'' < nīs sontēn || ''as·tóċtan'' <br/>''ní·assaċt''  || ''dor·coċtan''<br/> ''ní·derċtan''
|-
| 2SG || '' túsṫair'' < tússatēris <br/>''ní·túsṫar'' < nīs tússatēr || ''sóitir'' < sontēris <br/> ''ní·sóiter'' < nīs sontēr || ''as·tóċtar'' <br/>''ní·assaċtar'' || ''dor·coċtar''<br/> ''ní·derċtar''
|-
| 3SG.M || '' túsṫaiṁ'' < tússatēmis <br/>''ní·túsaiḋ'' < nīs tússatēm || ''sóitiṁ'' < sontēmis <br/> ''ní·sóit'' < nīs somym || ''as·tóċt'' <br/>''ní·assaċt'' || ''dor·coċt''<br/> ''ní·derċt''
|-
| 3SG.F || '' túsṫaé'' < tússatēsis<br/>''ní·túsṫaé'' < nīs tússatēsi || ''sóité'' < sontēsis <br/> ''ní·sóité'' < nīs somysi || ''as·tóċtaé'' <br/>''ní·assaċtaé'' || ''dor·coċtaé''<br/> ''ní·derċtaé''
|-
| 3SG.N || '' túsaiḋ'' < tússatēs<br/>''ní·túsaiḋ'' < nīs tússatē || ''sóit'' < sontēs <br/> ''ní·sóit'' < nīs sontē || '' as·tóċt'' <br/>''ní·assaċt'' || ''dor·coċt''<br/> ''ní·derċt''
|-
| 1EX || '' túsṫaiṁ'' < tússatēmēs<br/>''túsṫaiṁ'' < nīs tússatēmē || ''sóitiṁ'' < sontēmēs <br/> ''ní·sóiteṁ'' < nīs sontēm || '' as·tóċtaiṁ'' <br/>''ní·assaċtaiṁ'' || ''dor·coċtaiṁ''<br/> ''ní·derċtaiṁ''
|-
| 1IN || '' túsṫait'' < tússatēntis<br/>''ní·túsṫat'' < nīs tússatēnt || ''sóitit'' < sontēntis <br/> ''ní·sóitet'' < nīs sontēnt || '' as·tóċtat'' <br/>''ní·assaċtat'' || ''dor·coċtat''<br/> ''ní·derċtat''
|-
| 2PL || '' túsṫaisc'' < tússatēsces<br/>''ní·túsṫaisc'' < nīs tússatēsce || ''sóitisc'' < sontēsces <br/> ''ní·sóitisc'' < nīs sontēsce || '' as·tóċtaisc''<br/>''ní·assaċtaisc''  || ''dor·coċtaisc''<br/> ''ní·derċtaisc''
|-
| 3PL || '' túsṫaiḋ'' < tússatētis<br/>''ní·túsṫaḋ'' < nīs tússatēt || ''sóitiḋ'' < sontētis <br/> ''ní·sóiteḋ'' < nīs sontēt || '' as·tóċtaḋ'' <br/>''ní·assaċtaḋ''  || ''dor·coċtaḋ''<br/> ''ní·derċtaḋ''
|}
===Present subjunctive===
===Past subjunctive===
===Imperative===
===Verbal noun===
[[Category:Old Bhadhagha]][[Category:Clotricin]]
[[Category:Bhadhagha]]

Latest revision as of 01:14, 24 June 2025

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