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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a southern [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descended from [[Thensarian]]. More so than other Talmic languages, it has been influenced heavily by [[Classical Netagin]] and [[Clofabic languages]] in vocabulary and grammar. The phonology is inspired by Ashkenazi Hebrew and Portuguese.
Burmese-ified Skellan
==Historical phonology==
*''p t c'' > ''b d g'' (like Spanish)
*''-φ-'' vanishes
*''b d g'' often lenites to ''v z Ø''
*''str'' > ''sr''
*Stress shift: non-initial stressed vowels are marked with acute accent


*1: cêƞ /kɛ̃/
sb-, sd-, sg- = korean pp, tt, kk
*2: têxôr‚ têx /tes/
*3: nâge
*4: lov
*5: orv
*6: cuv
*7: xol
*8: zic
*9: ad
*10: gar
*11: vem
*12: clut
*''nis'' = not
*''ax'' = and (Clofabic)


==Phonology==
pr br sbr fr vr = pj bj (ʰ)p˭j fj vj
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Uvular
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n~l/
|
| <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''ŧ''' /t͡ʃ/
| '''c''' /k/
|
| ('''ȝ''' /ʔ/)<sup>1</sup>
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''x, ss''' /s/
| '''s''' /ʃ/
| '''ch''' /x/
|
|rowspan="2" |
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''z''' /z/
|
|
| '''l, ħ''' /ʁ~h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''r''' /r/
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
:<sup>1</sup> Silent in everyday speech.


In addition, the letter '''h''' is used as a silent letter.
cr gr sgr = tɕʰ d͡ʑ (ʰ)tɕ˭


===Vowels===
tr dr sdr þr ðr = tsʰ dz (ʰ)ts˭ ʂ ʐ
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels (oral)'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! |<small>unrounded</small>
! |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i, y''' /i/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| [ɪ]
| [ʏ]
| [ə]
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/, '''ê''' /ei/
| '''ô''' /oi/
|
| '''â, o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| [ɞ]
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}
{{col-break}}


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
r = /j/, ç/rr/sr = /ɕ/, x = /ʂ/
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels (nasal)'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! |<small>unrounded</small>
! |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| '''iƞ, yƞ''' /ɪ̃/
|
|
| '''uƞ''' /ʊ̃/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''êƞ''' /ɛ̃i/
| '''ôƞ''' /õi/
| [ə̃]
| '''âƞ, oƞ''' /ɔ̃/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''aƞ, eƞ''' /ɐ̃/
|
|}
{{col-end}}


====Vowel reduction====
l = /ʟ/; -l/-ŋ = nasalization; ll = /χ/ as before
Vowels are reduced in unstressed syllables.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
|-
!|Phoneme
!|Reduced
|-
|/i/
|[ɪ]
|-
|/u/
|[ʊ]
|-
|/e/
|[ɪ]
|-
|/ø/
|[ʏ]
|-
|/a/
|[ə]
|-
|/ɔ/
|[ə]
|-
|/ɐ̃/, /œ̃/
|[ə̃]
|-
|/ɛ̃/
|[ɪ̃]
|}


===Stress===
ts tx = /ts tʂʰ/
Stress is marked with an acute accent.


==Orthography==
use Alcvean sound changes for vowels (minus the non-lambdicity): ''ai'' = /aː/; ''ar'' = /aj/
{{PAGENAME}} orthography is fairly conservative compared to its pronunciation.


==Morphology==
medial sb, sd, sg = preaspirated korean pp, tt, kk
===Nouns===
The masculine, feminine and neuter genders in Thensarian collapsed to common and neuter genders.


The definite article is ''eƞ''.
''-ar'' = /i/? /əj/? /ɨ/?


A common noun:
Deal with ry/jy- confusion somehow
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mâro'' 'tree'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''mâro'' || ''mâriƞ''
|-
! Construct
| ''mâroz'' || ''mấrous''
|}
 
A neuter noun:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''stus'' 'fire'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''stus'' || ''stur''
|-
! Construct
| ''stuz'' || ''stuus''
|}
 
Common: ''mâro, mâriƞ'' = trees
 
Neuter: ''tiƞs, tiƞr'' = hand
 
Neuter: ''stus, stur'' = fire
 
Neuter: ''teŧys, teŧyr'' = child
 
===Adjectives===
 
===Verbs===
Bênôcian verbs are significantly simpler than Thensarian verbs, though the multiple infinitives of Thensarian have servived.
 
====Ablaut patterns for strong verbs====
====Present indicative====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tôssaƞ'' "I invoke"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''eliƞ'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem/C-stem)
|-
| 1SG || tôssanâ || torenâ || elinâ
|-
| 2SG || tôssar || torer || elir
|-
| 3SG || tôssa || tore || el
|-
| 1PL || tôssáƞs || toréƞs || elíƞs
|-
| 2PL || tôssác || toréc || elíc
|-
| 3PL || tôssa || tore || el
|}
 
====Past indicative====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tôssaƞ'' "I invoke"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''eliƞ'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem/C-stem)
|-
| 1SG || tôssaniƞ || toreniƞ || eliniƞ
|-
| 2SG || tôssai || torei || elii
|-
| 3SG || tôssaso || toreso || eliso
|-
| 1PL || tôssáƞr || toréƞr || elíƞr
|-
| 2PL || tôssacer || torecer || elicer
|-
| 3PL || tôssaso || toreso || eliso
|}
 
====Present subjunctive====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tôssaƞ'' "I invoke"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''eliƞ'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem/C-stem)
|-
| 1SG || tôssaj || torej || elij
|-
| 2SG || tôssare || torere || elire
|-
| 3SG || tôssor || torjor || eljor
|-
| 1PL || tôssánte || torénte || elínte
|-
| 2PL || tôssace || torece || elice
|-
| 3PL || tôssor || torjor || eljor
|}
 
====Past subjunctive====
 
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tôssaƞ'' "I invoke"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''eliƞ'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem/C-stem)
|-
| 1SG || tốssazoƞ || tórezoƞ || elizoƞ
|-
| 2SG || tốssazor || tórezor || elizor
|-
| 3SG || tôssaz || torez || eliz
|-
| 1PL || tôssazóƞs || torezóƞs || elizóƞs
|-
| 2PL || tôssazóc || torezóc || elizóc
|-
| 3PL || tôssaz || torez || eliz
|}
 
====Future====
The future tense is ergative; it is derived from Thensarian ''lē'' + present participle (cf. German, where ''zu'' + active participle is the gerundive).
 
:''Li harai haη de tarsuz.''
:He will go to school.
 
:''Li cassis eη glexanos tri nâ.''
:I will eat the potato.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Future participle of ''cassiη'' 'eat'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Common
| ''li cassi'' || ''li cassiƞ''
|-
! Neuter
| ''li cassis'' || ''li cassir''
|-
! Construct
| ''li cassiz'' || ''li cassius''
|}
 
====Infinitives====
The Thensarian ''-s'' infinitive has been lost; the present subjunctive is used instead, as in Arabic or Greek.
*''Jozanâ rê '''êstijaj''' sâma.'' = "I want to feel good."
*''Nis joza haη rê '''haror''' de tarsuz cresiη.'' = "He doesn't want to go to school today."
 
An infinitive: ''tôssâgos'' (used in nominalized clauses)
*''Carsajes '''tôssâgos'''.'' = "It is exhausting to cast spells./Invocation is exhausting."
 
Another infinitive: ''tôssav'' (used with prepositions such as ''gil'' and ''de'')
*''drếvjor haη gil '''cássiviz''' haη'' = "He avoided eating it."
 
===Derivational morphology===
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! colspan="4"|From...
|-
! Noun
! Verb
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
! Adverb
|-
! rowspan="4"|To...
! Noun
| ''-veη'', ''-veniη'' (agentive)
| ''-veη'', ''-veniη'' (agentive)
|
|
|-
! Verb
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
|
|
|
|
|-
! Adverb
|
|
|
| -
|}
 
==Syntax==
Bênôcian syntax is VSO.
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]

Latest revision as of 20:52, 3 January 2022

Burmese-ified Skellan

sb-, sd-, sg- = korean pp, tt, kk

pr br sbr fr vr = pj bj (ʰ)p˭j fj vj

cr gr sgr = tɕʰ d͡ʑ (ʰ)tɕ˭

tr dr sdr þr ðr = tsʰ dz (ʰ)ts˭ ʂ ʐ

r = /j/, ç/rr/sr = /ɕ/, x = /ʂ/

l = /ʟ/; -l/-ŋ = nasalization; ll = /χ/ as before

ts tx = /ts tʂʰ/

use Alcvean sound changes for vowels (minus the non-lambdicity): ai = /aː/; ar = /aj/

medial sb, sd, sg = preaspirated korean pp, tt, kk

-ar = /i/? /əj/? /ɨ/?

Deal with ry/jy- confusion somehow

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