User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (IlL moved page User:IlL/Spare pages 1-99/45 to User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45 without leaving a redirect)
 
(143 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is an agglutinative language inspired by German, Khmer and [[Kaidu]].
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]


''ẞahng'' = father
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''Wiob-Nkahn''
|pronunciation=  /wiob ᵑgaːn/
|familycolor=wb
|fam1= [[Wiobic languages|Wiobic]]
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''wee-OH-bee-ən''; ''Wiobem-Nkahn'' or colloquially ''Wiob-Nkahn'') is a conlang loosely inspired by Old High German, Old English and Khmer.


''Nßäht'' = tree
Numbers: ßoz, klie, skah, moj, fah, ies, nteht, nuot, ngaht, ziu


''Paŕer'' = stone
''ma'' = negative


''Ntŕahg'' = child
''nkelei Piontels je Bojels.'' = I speak of love and hate.


''je'' = who
''Plünkßne'' = feather
==Idea==
A "Sinospheric Finnish", or "Chinese with cases"


''jan'' = what
==Phonology==
 
===Orthography===
''jang'' = where
Wiobian is written in an orthography created by King Kait Niumer (modern Wiobian: ''Houger Niumer Kait''; ''Kait'' is the family name).
 
''jies'' = how many
 
''ßan, eir, buhz, jåhnß, ßeng, zkühnt, ntöü, nuot, ngiat, zråht'' [san, eir, ɓuːc, jɔːⁿs, ˈseŋ, ckyːⁿt, ⁿdøy, nuət, ŋiat, crɔːt]
 
''wint'' = negative


''nkelei Pientenk tur Boyenk.'' = I speak of love and hate.
in wiobian Orthography, only Nouns are capitalized; first Words in Sentences are not capitalized unless they are Nouns.


==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Wiobian uses the following 24 consonants:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
|+ '''Wiobian consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Labial
Line 40: Line 46:
| '''m''' /m/
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
| '''n''' /n/
| '''ń''' /ɲ/
| '''nj''' /ɲ/
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''p''' /p/
Line 57: Line 63:
| '''mp''' /ᵐb/
| '''mp''' /ᵐb/
| '''nt''' /ⁿd/
| '''nt''' /ⁿd/
| '''ńz''' /ᶮɟ/
| '''nz''' /ᶮɟ/
| '''nk''' /ᵑg/
| '''nk''' /ᵑg/
| '''nqu''' /ᵑgʷ/
| '''nqu''' /ᵑgʷ/
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dj''' /ɟ/
|
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 65: Line 79:
! | <small>plain</small>
! | <small>plain</small>
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''ß''' /s~z/
| '''ß''' /s~z/<br/>'''th''' /θ~ð/
| '''s''' /ç~ʝ/
| '''s''' /ç~ʝ/
| '''g''' /x~ɣ/
| '''g''' /x~ɣ/
|  
| '''hw''' /ʍ/
| '''h''' /h/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
Line 81: Line 95:
! colspan="2" |Liquid
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
|
| '''r''' /r/; '''l''' /l/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''ŕ''' /ɹ/
| '''r''' /ɹ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 99: Line 113:
*Voiceless plosives are ''not'' aspirated.
*Voiceless plosives are ''not'' aspirated.
*/ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg/ devoice to [ᵐp ⁿt ᶮc ᵑk] word-finally.
*/ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg/ devoice to [ᵐp ⁿt ᶮc ᵑk] word-finally.
*/b d ɟ/ are often realized as implosives.
*The fricatives ''ß s g'' are voiced intervocalically.
*The fricatives ''ß s g'' are voiced intervocalically.
*Gemination is phonemic.
*In Modern Wiobian, '''s''' in '''sC-''' inital clusters are pronounced /x/.
*In Old Wiobian, '''r''' was [r], an alveolar trill.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Wiobian has short and long versions of the following monophthongs (except for /ə/ which only occurs in unstressed syllables). Long vowels are marked with a following ''h''.
{{PAGENAME}} has short and long versions of the following monophthongs (except for /ə/ which only occurs in unstressed syllables). Long vowels can be marked with a following ''h''. Word-finally, vowels (except schwa) are long even without a following ''h''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! | &nbsp;
! | &nbsp;
Line 136: Line 152:
|}
|}


Diphthongs: '''ai au ei öü ou ia ie io iu üö uo'''
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei öü ou ie io iu üö uo'''


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Line 147: Line 163:
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)s, where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.
The syllable structure is usually (C)(C)V(C)s, where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.
 
===Morphophonology===


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 160: Line 174:
!scope="row"|Nominative
!scope="row"|Nominative
|colspan="2"|''Nßäht''
|colspan="2"|''Nßäht''
|-
!| Accusative*
|colspan=2|''Nßähter''
|-
|-
!scope="row"|Genitive
!scope="row"|Genitive
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtem''
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtem''
|-
|-
!scope="row"|Illative/Inessive
!| Illative
|colspan=2|''Nßähter''
|-
!scope="row"|Inessive
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtel''
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtel''
|-
|-
Line 173: Line 187:
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtels''
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtels''
|-
|-
!scope="row"|Allative/Adessive
!scope="row"|Allative/Dative
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtene''
|-
!scope="row"|Adessive
|colspan="2"|''Nßähten''
|colspan="2"|''Nßähten''
|-
!scope="row"|Dative
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtene''
|-
|-
!scope="row"|Ablative
!scope="row"|Ablative
Line 186: Line 200:
|-
|-
!scope="row"|Essive
!scope="row"|Essive
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtezz''
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtez''
|-
|-
!scope="row"|Translative
!scope="row"|Translative
Line 194: Line 208:
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtmakk''
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtmakk''
|}
|}
*The accusative is used only in certain set phrases in Modern Tei.


Plurals are formed with ''nto-'', so: ''Ntonßäht'' (trees), ''Ntonßähtem'' (of trees), ...
Plurals are formed with ''nto'', so: ''nto Nßäht'' (trees), ''nto Nßähtem'' (of trees), ...
 
Old {{PAGENAME}} used ''-er'' as an accusative and ''-el'' for both the illative and inessive.


===Article===
===Article===


The equivalent of the definite article in Tei is a classifier (as in Hmong), but it's placed after the noun and carries the case marker. The noun before a classifier is prescriptively in the genitive case, but it's often dropped.
The equivalent of the definite article in {{PAGENAME}} is a classifier (as in Hmong), but it's placed after the noun and carries the case marker. The noun before a classifier is prescriptively in the genitive case, but it's often dropped.


* ''Nßäht koþem'' (presc. and in older Tei ''Nßähtem koþem'') 'of the tree'
* ''Nßäht kothem'' (presc. and in older {{PAGENAME}} ''Nßähtem kothem'') 'of the tree'
* ''Nßähtem'' 'of a tree'
* ''Nßähtem'' 'of a tree'


Line 215: Line 230:
|-
|-
!|1
!|1
|''nkohz''
|''si''
|''tahs''
|''tahs''
|-
|-
Line 223: Line 238:
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|colspan="2"|''mpa'' (animate), ''mpi'' (inanimate)
|''mpa'' (animate), ''mpi'' (inanimate)
|''ntompa'' (animate), ''ntompi'' (inanimate)
|}
|}
Case suffixes attach to ''nkuo-, tah-, mei-,'' and ''wäh-'' respectively:
Case suffixes attach to ''si-, tah-, mei-,'' and ''wäh-'' respectively:
''nkuom Mpahng'' = my hand
''sim Mpahng'' = my hand;
''nkuols'' = from me; about me
''sils'' = from me; about me


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Subject affixes====
Verbs don't inflect.
 
Action nouns are formed with the suffix ''-(e)me'', from the genitive clitic followed by an eroded form of ''ion'' (to do). For example: ''Leime'' = speaking
 
===Ideophones===
Like Japanese and Korean, Wiobian uses ideophones. Ideophones may be used both informally and formally.
*''nungnung'' 'enormous'
*''behdgehd'' 'of slow and reluctant action'
*''ntåkpdåk'' 'hustle and bustle; of hurrying'
*''ngolmol'' 'of boiling liquid'
*''quorquär'' 'of anxiety'
*''klah'' 'ta-da!'
*''jaz'' 'of tightness and security; of exactness'
**e.g. ''jaz skahb'' 'exactly three; just three'
*''nquäh'' 'vaguely, without much effort; approximately'
*''djring'' 'zoom, of an engine noise'
*''ziekziok'' 'in small steps'


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
Ideophones are often used as adjectives or adverbs. Example:
|-
:''Mpeid tei quorquär.''
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes
:this COP ~ANXIETY
|-
:This makes me feel uneasy.
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''nke-''
|''te-''
|-
!|2
|''en-''
|''le-''
|-
!|3
|colspan="2"|''-''
|}


These are really clitic forms of pronouns. So for example "nkelei" has the same connotation as "nkohz lei", but "nkohz nkelei" is emphatic, like saying "Myself, I speak".
===Derivational morphology===
*''-ed'' = agentive
*''be-'' = applicative
*''en-'' = passive/reflexive
*''deß-'' = causative


Verbs otherwise don't inflect.
==Syntax==
The unmarked word order in {{PAGENAME}} is SVO. Due to the influence of [[Tsjoen]], Modern {{PAGENAME}} is quite strict about it (though objects could be fronted for emphasis).


Action nouns are formed with the suffix ''-(e)me'', from the genitive clitic followed by an eroded form of ''ion'' (to do). For example: Leime = speaking
Serial verbs are also common in {{PAGENAME}}; all verbs but the last in a serial verb chain are in the ablative.


===Syntax===
''mpa fiuntens lei.'' = He came and spoke.


The unmarked word order in Tei is SVO. Due to the influence of [[Tsjoen]], Modern Tei is quite strict about it (though objects could be fronted for emphasis).
[[Category:Pseudo-Germanic]]
[[Category:Pseudo-Germanic]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45/Lexicon
User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45/Swadesh list
IlL/Spare pages 1/45
Wiob-Nkahn
Pronunciation[/wiob ᵑgaːn/]
Created byIlL
Wiobic
  • IlL/Spare pages 1/45
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

IlL/Spare pages 1/45 (wee-OH-bee-ən; Wiobem-Nkahn or colloquially Wiob-Nkahn) is a conlang loosely inspired by Old High German, Old English and Khmer.

Numbers: ßoz, klie, skah, moj, fah, ies, nteht, nuot, ngaht, ziu

ma = negative

nkelei Piontels je Bojels. = I speak of love and hate.

Plünkßne = feather

Idea

A "Sinospheric Finnish", or "Chinese with cases"

Phonology

Orthography

Wiobian is written in an orthography created by King Kait Niumer (modern Wiobian: Houger Niumer Kait; Kait is the family name).

in wiobian Orthography, only Nouns are capitalized; first Words in Sentences are not capitalized unless they are Nouns.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Medial Velar Lab.vel. Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ nj /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t/ z /c/ k /k/ qu /kʷ/
prenasalized mp /ᵐb/ nt /ⁿd/ nz /ᶮɟ/ nk /ᵑg/ nqu /ᵑgʷ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ dj /ɟ/
Fricative plain f /f~v/ ß /s~z/
th /θ~ð/ 		s /ç~ʝ/ g /x~ɣ/ hw /ʍ/ h /h/
prenasalized mf /ᵐv/ nß /ⁿz/
Liquid l /l/ r /ɹ/
Approximant j /j/ w /w/
Notes
  • Voiceless plosives are not aspirated.
  • /ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg/ devoice to [ᵐp ⁿt ᶮc ᵑk] word-finally.
  • /b d ɟ/ are often realized as implosives.
  • The fricatives ß s g are voiced intervocalically.
  • In Modern Wiobian, s in sC- inital clusters are pronounced /x/.
  • In Old Wiobian, r was [r], an alveolar trill.

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/45 has short and long versions of the following monophthongs (except for /ə/ which only occurs in unstressed syllables). Long vowels can be marked with a following h. Word-finally, vowels (except schwa) are long even without a following h.

  Front Central Back
Close i /i/ ü /y/ u /u/
Close-mid e /e/ ö /ø/ o /o/
Mid (e /ə/)
Open-mid ä /ɛ/ å /ɔ/
Open a /a/

Diphthongs: ai au ei öü ou ie io iu üö uo

Prosody

Stress

Most of the time, the stress falls on the first syllable. Exceptions are verb prefixes and sesquisyllables.

Intonation

Phonotactics

The syllable structure is usually (C)(C)V(C)s, where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.

Morphology

Nouns

Nßäht 'tree'
Nominative Nßäht
Genitive Nßähtem
Illative Nßähter
Inessive Nßähtel
Elative Nßähtels
Allative/Dative Nßähtene
Adessive Nßähten
Ablative Nßähtens
Instrumental/Comitative Nßähtemp
Essive Nßähtez
Translative Nßähtenk
Abessive Nßähtmakk

Plurals are formed with nto, so: nto Nßäht (trees), nto Nßähtem (of trees), ...

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/45 used -er as an accusative and -el for both the illative and inessive.

Article

The equivalent of the definite article in IlL/Spare pages 1/45 is a classifier (as in Hmong), but it's placed after the noun and carries the case marker. The noun before a classifier is prescriptively in the genitive case, but it's often dropped.

  • Nßäht kothem (presc. and in older IlL/Spare pages 1/45 Nßähtem kothem) 'of the tree'
  • Nßähtem 'of a tree'

Pronouns

Pronouns
Singular Plural
1 si tahs
2 mei wäll
3 mpa (animate), mpi (inanimate) ntompa (animate), ntompi (inanimate)

Case suffixes attach to si-, tah-, mei-, and wäh- respectively: sim Mpahng = my hand; sils = from me; about me

Verbs

Verbs don't inflect.

Action nouns are formed with the suffix -(e)me, from the genitive clitic followed by an eroded form of ion (to do). For example: Leime = speaking

Ideophones

Like Japanese and Korean, Wiobian uses ideophones. Ideophones may be used both informally and formally.

  • nungnung 'enormous'
  • behdgehd 'of slow and reluctant action'
  • ntåkpdåk 'hustle and bustle; of hurrying'
  • ngolmol 'of boiling liquid'
  • quorquär 'of anxiety'
  • klah 'ta-da!'
  • jaz 'of tightness and security; of exactness'
    • e.g. jaz skahb 'exactly three; just three'
  • nquäh 'vaguely, without much effort; approximately'
  • djring 'zoom, of an engine noise'
  • ziekziok 'in small steps'

Ideophones are often used as adjectives or adverbs. Example:

Mpeid tei quorquär.
this COP ~ANXIETY
This makes me feel uneasy.

Derivational morphology

  • -ed = agentive
  • be- = applicative
  • en- = passive/reflexive
  • deß- = causative

Syntax

The unmarked word order in IlL/Spare pages 1/45 is SVO. Due to the influence of Tsjoen, Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/45 is quite strict about it (though objects could be fronted for emphasis).

Serial verbs are also common in IlL/Spare pages 1/45; all verbs but the last in a serial verb chain are in the ablative.

mpa fiuntens lei. = He came and spoke.

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:IlL/Spare_pages_1/45&oldid=305380"