Uínlitska: Difference between revisions

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-= Phonology =
+= Phonology & Orthography =
 == Vowels ==
-<a e i ø o>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+!                 !! open !! ''open front'' !! mid !! close !! rounded !! ''front rounded'' !! neutral
+|-
+| '''Plain'''     || a ||  æ  || e || i || o ||  œ  || ø
+|-
+| '''Nasalized''' || ã ||  æ̃  || ẽ || ĩ || õ ||  œ̃  || ø̃
+|-
+| '''Long'''      || á ||  ǽ  || é || í || ó ||  œ́  || ǿ
+|}
-/ɑ ɛ i ə ʊ/
+The letters <æ> & <œ> (and their variants) are only found in loanwords.
-Short, Long, or (short) Nasalized
+=== "Native" vowels ===
-á é í ǿ ó - Long
+The five "native" vowels are very large targets, having basically the following goal points:
-ã ẽ ĩ ø̃ õ - Nasalized
+* open /ɑ/
-Additional vowels in loans: æ /a/, œ /ʏ/.
+* mid /ɛ/
+* close /i/
+* rounded /ʊ/
+* neutral /ə/
+The open and rounded vowels tend to be backed, while the mid and close vowels tend to be fronted. The neutral vowel is a mid-central schwa, but can be fairly flexibly pronounced to provide disharmony with the preceding vowel.
+=== "Foreign" vowels ===
+Additionally, two explicitly-fronted vowels may be found in loanwords
+* front rounded (nominally /ʏ/)
+* open front (nominally /a/)
+They are each only explicitly written as separate letters if they contrast with a non-front alternative within the same word (for which the native / "normal" letter is used).
 == Consonants ==
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
+{| class="wikitable
-! POA !! Stops !! Affricates !! Fricatives !! Tap !! Trill !! Nasal !! Liquids
-|-
-| '''Bilabial''' || p b ||  ||  ||  ||  || m ||
-|-
-| '''Labiodental''' ||  ||  || f v ||  ||  ||  ||
 |-
-| '''Labiovelar''' || kʷ ɡʷ ||  ||  ||  ||  || || ʍ w
+!        !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Labiovelar !! Interdental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar  !! Uvular !! Glottal
+|-
+| Stop   || p b      ||             || ku gu      ||             || t d      ||              ||         || k g    || ck cg  || c
 |-
-| '''Dental''' || t d ||  || θ ð ||  ||  ||  ||
+| Nas    || hm m     ||             ||            ||             || hn n     ||              || hnj nj  || hgn gn ||        ||
 |-
-| '''Alveolar''' || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
+| Aff    ||          ||             ||            ||             ||          || tj dj        || kj gj   ||        ||        ||
 |-
-| '''Palato-Alveolar''' || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
+| Fric   ||          || ff f        || xxu xu     || þþ þ        || ss s     || ssj sj       || zz z    || xx x   ||        || h gh
 |-
-| '''Uvular''' || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
+| Tap    ||          ||             ||            ||             || hr r     ||              ||         ||        ||        ||
+|-
+| Trill  ||          ||             ||            ||             || rr       ||              ||         ||        ||        ||
 |-
-| '''Glottal''' || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
+| Liquid ||          ||             || hu u       ||             || hl l     ||              || hj j    ||        || hŕ ŕ   ||
 |}
-b /b/
+Initial fricatives are voiceless, but are written with the otherwise-voiced (usually single-letter) form.
-g /ɡ/
-gg /ŋ/
-gj /dʑ/
-d /d/
-dj /dʒ/
-f /f/ ~ /v/
+Voiceless liquids and nasals only occur in native words in initial position (they may occur in any position in loanwords).
-h *
+Older texts may be found using the ''punctum delens'' (a dot above or below a letter) to mark voiceless forms of consonants other than stops or fricatives.
-j /j/
+''Note:'' There is no voiceless <rr> and no voiced <c>
-k /k/
+== Syllable Structure ==
-kj /tɕ/
+All words consist of alternating consonants and vowels (in other words, all syllables are open, except the final syllable in a word, which may be closed). There are two exceptions:
-l /l/ ~ /ɬ/
+* A voiced homorganic nasal may occur before a stop intervocalically. In the case of the velar nasal, when it does so, it is written simply <n>.
-m /m/
+* Two (but no more than two) vowels may occur in sequence with no (apparent) consonant separating them
-n /n/
+There are complex sandhi rules to prevent grammatically-caused, otherwise-illegal vowel and consonant clusters.
-p /p/
+=== Sandhi ===
-q /ʔ/ ~ /q/
+''TBD''
-r /ɾ/
+=== Examples ===
-rr /r/
+Valid word shapes include:
-s /s/ ~ /z/
+* a
-sj /ʃ/ ~ /ʒ/
+* ack
-t /t/
+* apa
-u /w/ ~ /ʍ/
+* ti
-x
+* toeb
-þ /θ/ ~ /ð/
+* dinka
-* The phonemics of <h> are complicated.
+[[Category:Languages]]
+[[Category:Conlangs]]