Yattano: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Stops'''''
! Grapheme !! IPA Symbol !! Description and Notes
|-
|-
| '''b''' || /b/ || as in ‘bee’
| k || [k] || Voiceless velar plosive
|-
|-
| '''p''' || /p/ || as in ‘pea’
| p || [p] || Voiceless bilabial plosive
|-
|-
| '''d''' || /d/ || as in ‘deed’
| t || [t] || Voiceless dental plosive
|-
|-
| '''t''' || /t/ || as in ‘tea’
| n || [n] || (Voiced) alveolar nasal. Can be pronounced as [ŋ] before k and g.
|-
|-
| '''g''' || /g/ || as in ‘get’
| m || [m] || (Voiced) bilabial nasal
|-
|-
| '''k''' || /k/ || as in ‘key’
| s || [s] || Voiceless alveolar fricative
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Fricatives'''''
| j || [j] || Palatal approximant
|-
|-
| '''s''' || /s/ || as in ‘see’
| š || [ʃ] || Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
|-
|-
| '''z''' || /z/ || as in ‘zed’
| č || [t͡ʃ] || Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
|-
|-
| '''sh''' || /ʃ/ || as in ‘she’
| r || [ɾ] || Alveolar tap
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Affricates'''''
| b || [b] || Voiced bilabial plosive
|-
|-
| '''č''' || /t͡ʃ/ || as in ‘cheek’
| g || [g] || Voiced velar plosive
|-
|-
| '''ž''' || /d͡ʒ/ || as in ‘jam’
| d || [d] || Voiced dental plosive
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Nasals and Liquids'''''
| đ || [d͡ʒ] || Voiced post-alveolar fricative
|-
| '''m''' || /m/ || as in ‘me’
|-
| '''n''' || /n/ || as in ‘need’
|-
| '''r''' || /r/ || as in Japanese ’raku’
|-
|colspan=3| '''''Semi-Vowels'''''
|-
| '''j''' || /j/ || as in ‘yesterday’
|-
|-
| z || [z] || Voiced alveolar fricative
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Back Vowels || IPA
! Grapheme !! IPA Symbol !! Description and notes
|-
|-
| a || /a/
| a || [a] || Open front unrounded vowel
|-
|-
| o || /o/
| e || [e] || Close mid-front unrounded vowel
|-
|-
| u || /u/
| i || [i] || Close front unrounded vowel
|-
|-
| Front Vowels || IPA
| o || [o] || Close mid-back rounded vowel
|-
|-
| e || /e/
| u || [u] || Close back rounded vowel
|-
|-
| i || /i/
| ö || [ø] || Close mid-front rounded vowel
|-
| ö || /ø/
|}
|}


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====Stress====
====Stress====


Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable of the word, but it can sometimes be on the last syllable too. Stress cannot change a word's meaning.
Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable of the word, but it can sometimes be on the last syllable too. Stress usually doesn't change the meaning of a word.


====Intonation====
====Intonation====
* To indicate that a sentence is a question, the pitch of the last syllable sharply rises.
* When there are two or more adjectives modifying a noun, or there is a list of nouns or there is a list of choices, the pitch of the last syllables of all words except that of the last words fall. The final syllable of the last word rises.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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====Diphtongs====
====Diphtongs====


Note that the vowel "ö" is not allowed to form a diphtong.
Note that the vowel "ö" is not allowed to form a diphthong.


{|
{|
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|}
|}


===Consonant clusters====
====Consonant clusters====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===


There are 10 noun cases that are marked on the noun in Yattano: transitive, intransitive, abessive, existive, derivative or inalienable possessive, genitive, equative, postpositional, perlative
There are 11 noun cases that are marked on the '''noun''' in Yattano: transitive, intransitive, abessive, existive or ornative, derivative or inalienable possessive, genitive, equative, postpositional, final or benefactive, interal, distributive. There are also 12 cases that are marked on the '''verb''' rather than the noun: locative, dative or terminative, ablative or egressive, illative, causal-final (so that, for), causal-final (because, since), instrumental, cronitive, comitative, translative, adverbial, elative.
 
====Noun cases marked on the noun====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun type !! G1 Nouns !! G2 Nouns !! G3 Nouns
|-
| Transitive || — || — || -ru
|-
| Intransitive || -n || -n || -ti
|-
| Abessive || et(e)- || at(a)- || ot(o)-
|-
| Existive/Ornative || ya- || yani- || yaku-
|-
| Derivative || -nu || -kasu || -kaa
|-
| Genitive || az(i)- || iš(o)- || ay(a)-
|-
| Postpositional || s(u)- || aa- || —
|-
| Equative || -muu || -kuu || -suu
|-
| Final/Benefactive || -šai || -šai || -šai
|-
| Interal || čo- || čo- || čo-
|-
| Distributive || yo- || yo- || yo-
|-
|}
 
====Noun cases marked on the verb====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Object Type !! G1 Noun !! G2 Noun !! G3 Noun
|-
| Locative || ka- || sa- || ta-
|-
| Dative/Terminative || ši- || ša (double cons.)- || naa-
|-
| Ablative/Eggressive || mira- || mika- || pii-
|-
| Illative || pen(i)- || ett(a)- || itt(e)-
|-
| Causal/Final (for) || naa- || naa- || naa-
|-
| Causal/Final (because) || kuu- || kuu- || kuu-
|-
| Instrumental || đa- || đa- || đa-
|-
| Cronitive || kag(o)- || nig(o)- || g(o)-
|-
| Comitative || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Translative || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Adverbial || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Elative || Example || Example || Example
|}
 
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===

Latest revision as of 17:00, 20 September 2017

Introduction

Yattano is a language with transitive-intransitive alignment. Its phonology was inspired by Japanese.

Phonology

The charts under the title "phonology" use the Romanization system, rather than the actual writing system.

Orthography

Consonants

Yattano has 15 consonants:

Grapheme IPA Symbol Description and Notes
k [k] Voiceless velar plosive
p [p] Voiceless bilabial plosive
t [t] Voiceless dental plosive
n [n] (Voiced) alveolar nasal. Can be pronounced as [ŋ] before k and g.
m [m] (Voiced) bilabial nasal
s [s] Voiceless alveolar fricative
j [j] Palatal approximant
š [ʃ] Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
č [t͡ʃ] Voiceless post-alveolar fricative
r [ɾ] Alveolar tap
b [b] Voiced bilabial plosive
g [g] Voiced velar plosive
d [d] Voiced dental plosive
đ [d͡ʒ] Voiced post-alveolar fricative
z [z] Voiced alveolar fricative

Vowels

Yattano has 6 vowels:

Grapheme IPA Symbol Description and notes
a [a] Open front unrounded vowel
e [e] Close mid-front unrounded vowel
i [i] Close front unrounded vowel
o [o] Close mid-back rounded vowel
u [u] Close back rounded vowel
ö [ø] Close mid-front rounded vowel

Prosody

Stress

Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable of the word, but it can sometimes be on the last syllable too. Stress usually doesn't change the meaning of a word.

Intonation

  • To indicate that a sentence is a question, the pitch of the last syllable sharply rises.
  • When there are two or more adjectives modifying a noun, or there is a list of nouns or there is a list of choices, the pitch of the last syllables of all words except that of the last words fall. The final syllable of the last word rises.

Phonotactics

  • No words can begin with a consonant cluster
  • No words can end with a consonant cluster
  • No words can end with a consonant except "-n"
  • Root words that have "ö" in one syllable can only have either "e", "i" or another "ö" in their other syllables

Diphtongs

Note that the vowel "ö" is not allowed to form a diphthong.

A E I O U
A aa — ia — ua
E — ee ie — ue
I ai ei ii oi ui
O — — io oo uo
U au eu iu ou uu

Consonant clusters

Group 1 (n-) Group 2 (j-) Group 3 (š-) Group 4 (m-) Group 5 (double cons.)
nt jn št mp bb
nd jt šk mb kk
nk jk mj dd
nj jm ...
ng js (all except r and j)
jr

Morphology

Nouns

There are 11 noun cases that are marked on the noun in Yattano: transitive, intransitive, abessive, existive or ornative, derivative or inalienable possessive, genitive, equative, postpositional, final or benefactive, interal, distributive. There are also 12 cases that are marked on the verb rather than the noun: locative, dative or terminative, ablative or egressive, illative, causal-final (so that, for), causal-final (because, since), instrumental, cronitive, comitative, translative, adverbial, elative.

Noun cases marked on the noun

Noun type G1 Nouns G2 Nouns G3 Nouns
Transitive — — -ru
Intransitive -n -n -ti
Abessive et(e)- at(a)- ot(o)-
Existive/Ornative ya- yani- yaku-
Derivative -nu -kasu -kaa
Genitive az(i)- iš(o)- ay(a)-
Postpositional s(u)- aa- —
Equative -muu -kuu -suu
Final/Benefactive -šai -šai -šai
Interal čo- čo- čo-
Distributive yo- yo- yo-

Noun cases marked on the verb

Object Type G1 Noun G2 Noun G3 Noun
Locative ka- sa- ta-
Dative/Terminative ši- ša (double cons.)- naa-
Ablative/Eggressive mira- mika- pii-
Illative pen(i)- ett(a)- itt(e)-
Causal/Final (for) naa- naa- naa-
Causal/Final (because) kuu- kuu- kuu-
Instrumental đa- đa- đa-
Cronitive kag(o)- nig(o)- g(o)-
Comitative Example Example Example
Translative Example Example Example
Adverbial Example Example Example
Elative Example Example Example

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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