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'''Ewige'''

'''Ewige''' (/əˈwiːgeɪ/, natively ''néto Éwigéřé'' [neto ˈeɹigerɛ], "Ewige language") is a language spoken in central-southern [[w:Siberia|Siberia]], near the borders with Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and China. It is one of several descendants of the Ivugi language, also spoken in Siberia circa 1000 CE, but it is not considered mutually intelligible with the other Ivugean languages, as they are collectively known. The speaker pool of Ewige is estimated at around 200,000 individuals, mostly living in [[w:Kemerovo Oblast|Kemerovo Oblast]], the [[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]], and other nearby federal subjects of Russia; significant Ewige communities also exist in Kazakhstan, western Russia, the United States, and Germany. Community leaders have been enthusiastic about keeping the language alive, arranging for many films, comic strips, and books to be translated into the language and publishing newspapers in it.

Ewige is a nominative-accusative, agglutinative language with an animate-inanimate distinction for nouns; as it features polypersonal agreement on verbs and many simpler sentences can express all their information with just a verb, some linguists argue that it is polysynthetic instead. It has two main dialects: ''Jugřé'' ("Southern") and ''Třařé'' ("Northern"); the more widely spoken and prestige Jugřé dialect is the one covered in this article.

==History==

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===Grammatical history===

It has also undergone the following grammatical innovations:

* Drastic simplification of noun pluralization: the majority of nouns now pluralize with ''-e'' or ''-de'', although a few dozen irregular nouns remain as vestiges of Ivugi's complex ablaut-based system.

* Drastic simplification of noun pluralization: the majority of nouns now pluralize with ''-e'' or ''-de'', although a few dozen irregular nouns remain as vestiges of Ivugi's complex ablaut-based system. For example, the noun ''ireiždé'' "person" has the suppletive plural ''inarni'', which descends from Ivugi's original plural; this is because ''ireiždé'' is a novel coining that literally means "society-child".

* Generalizing the Ivugi particle ''u'', which was used before animate singular nouns in the accusative, to be a general affix for animate nouns. Explicitly animate pronouns and verb inflections would later develop based on it.

* Repurposing Ivugi's ''yi'' and ''ye'', which were the interrogative forms of "to be" in the past and present, as generic interrogative markers, and the resultant loss of Ivugi's morphological interrogative mood. They are now ''žé'' and ''ža''.

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==Vocabulary==

While most of Ewige's vocabulary is indigenous, it has borrowed a large number of terms from nearby languages of the Eurasian steppe, particularly [[w:Russian language|Russian]], [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]], and [[w:Mongolian language|Mongolian]].

While most of Ewige's vocabulary is indigenous, it has borrowed a large number of terms from nearby languages of the Eurasian steppe, particularly [[w:Russian language|Russian]], [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]], and [[w:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]. More recently, English and, to a lesser extent, Mandarin loanwords have entered the language as well.

The numbers one through ten are as follows:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! Arabic numeral

! Ewige number

|-

| 1

| ''šy''

|-

| 2

| ''syp''

|-

| 3

| ''de''

|-

| 4

| ''ny''

|-

| 5

| ''ryr''

|-

| 6

| ''gog''

|-

| 7

| ''aku''

|-

| 8

| ''gʼéru''

|-

| 9

| ''nožo''

|-

| 10

| ''žér''

|}

==Dialectology==

The dialect documented in this article is the prestige ''Jugřé'' (Southern) dialect, spoken by the majority of the population. The more innovative ''Třařé'' (Northern) dialect is characterized by the following features:

* A lower percentage of loanwords and a tendency to use native coinings instead. When loanwords are imported, they are less likely to use non-native phones such as /l/.

* The mid high vowels /e/ and /o/ are diphthongized to [iə] and [uə].

* The low vowels have not shifted as far: /a/ is more like [æ] and /ɑ/ is more like [ɐ~ä].

* The diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ are more centralized, especially in their onsets: [əi~əɨ] and [əu~əʉ].

* /t/ and /d/ are often realized as [θ] and [ð], except at the start of a word.

* /w/ becomes [ɹ~ɻ] in all positions, not just intervocalically.

* /h/ disappears initially and merges with /x/ elsewhere; this creates homophones such as ''oš'' ("than") vs. ''hoš'' ("footprint"), and ''og'' ("that", to mark subordinate clauses) vs. ''hog'' ("gust").

* /ə/ is slightly fronted and rounded, often as far as [ø~œ], but does not exhibit nearly the degree of allophony found in Jugřé Ewige.

* The possessive pronouns are suffixed with the adjectival ''-řé'', such as ''sodařé'' ("yours"), equivalent to saying "yours-like" or "yours-ish" in English.

* Double negation is common, with the general negative particle ''ou'' coming immediately before the verb.

* Although Třařé Ewige is also pro-drop and its verbs have polypersonal agreement, subject pronouns are still used with greater frequency than in Jugřé Ewige, but they come at the very end of the sentence, including after any adverbs.

* Various classes of nouns that are generally inanimate in Jugřé Ewige are animate in Třařé Ewige, such as geographical formations, vehicles, and large plants (mainly trees). A handful of nouns have moved in the opposite direction, being animate in Jugřé but inanimate in Třařé, such as ''igʼarut'' ("spider") and ''idé'' ("child").

* The adverb ''gou'' ("now") has expanded in use to signify a sort of narrative past or aorist; it immediately follows the verb when used in this sense.

* The verb ''gʼombé'' ("to help") is used as an auxiliary verb in a benefactive sense, such as in the phrase ''igʼomnor reipé ajoreiko ut'' "he threw the ball for me", which in Jugřé Ewige would mean "he helped me throw the ball".

* Possibly influenced by the above, the verb ''ombé'' ("to wiggle, to oscillate") is used as an auxiliary verb for groups of two or more actors that are performing an action with one another (as opposed to separately). For example, ''néjomo jorimé'' is used to mean "they're arguing with each other", while ''néjorimy'' means "they're arguing separately".

* The future-tense affix is always ''-sto-''; the ''-dzo-'' variant that Jugřé Ewige innovated for ''-me'' verbs does not exist.

* The verbalizing suffix ''-(ó)batpé'' (from the Russian ''-ovat'') is uncommon; it is normally substituted with simply ''-(y)přémé''.

==Grammar==

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|-

| him/her

| ''ot''

| ''ut''

| his/hers

| ''~~sorot~~''

| ''soriot''

|-

| it

| ''ut''

| ''ot''

| its

| ''~~soriot~~''

| ''sorot''

|-

| we

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|-

! Imperative

| colspan="3" | ''-y'' (if followed by an object suffix),<br>''-∅'' (otherwise)

| colspan="3" | ''-(m/b/p)y'' (if followed by an object suffix),<br>''-∅'' (otherwise)

|-

! rowspan="7" | Object

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:1PL.NOM-NEG-SUBJ-guard-PST_bé-2SG.ACC_bé

:If we hadn't been protected by you...

Ewige has only eleven basic irregular verbs, although verbs derived from them follow their conjugations, much as the past tense of "to outdo" in English is "outdid". These verbs are only irregular in the past and present; their other inflections are regular. They are listed below in the infinitive, and in the past and present with no conjugation for person and number. They are all fairly common verbs, some of them relating to motion.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" | English

! colspan="3" | Ewige

|-

! Infinitive

! Past

! Present

|-

| to be

| ''jómé''

| ''-jón''

| ''-jó''

|-

| to eat

| ''ámé''

| ''-án''

| ''-áró''

|-

| to go

| ''šérbé''

| ''-šédu''

| ''-šédo''

|-

| to need

| ''rimé''

| ''-rimu''

| ''-rimo''

|-

| to say

| ''šémé''

| ''-sonó''

| ''-soko''

|-

| to have

| ''otʼamé''

| ''-otʼou''

| ''-otʼei''

|-

| to see

| ''otʼépé''

| ''-otʼó''

| ''-otʼy''

|-

| to leave

| ''épymé''

| ''-épion''

| ''-épio''

|-

| to run

| ''sonémé''

| ''-sonu''

| ''-sono''

|-

| to walk

| ''esomé''

| ''-estu''

| ''-esto''

|-

| to swim

| ''vobé''

| ''-vobu''

| ''-vobo''

|}

===Adjectives===

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===Syntax===

Ewige uses the rare [[w:verb–object–subject|verb–object–subject]] word order. Noun phrases are generally right-branching, with adjectives, numerals, and relative clauses all following the head noun (in that order). However, Ewige uses prepositions rather than postpositions, and determiners precede the head noun. Adverbs typically come at the end of the sentence.

Ewige uses the rare [[w:verb–object–subject|verb–object–subject]] word order. Noun phrases are generally right-branching, with adjectives, numerals, and relative clauses all following the head noun (in that order). However, Ewige uses prepositions rather than postpositions, and determiners precede the head noun. Adverbs are formed by suffixing an adjective (or other part of speech) with ''-(j)agh'', or ''-ař'' if the adjective ends in a stop consonant. These adverbs typically come at the end of the sentence.

Other than for verbs, negation is fairly simple. Noun phrases are negated with ''vó'', which precedes the noun phrase. The general negation particle is ''ou'', which is used to negate every part of speech other than verbs and nouns.

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==Sample text==

A speech uttered by Boromir in ''[[w:The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':

:'''Original''': It is a gift. A gift to the foes of Mordor. Why not use this Ring? Long has my father, the steward of Gondor, kept the forces of Mordor at bay. By the blood of our people are your lands kept safe. Give Gondor the weapon of the enemy; let us use it against him!

:'''Ewige:''' Ojó jobóno. Jobóno osáň jaboř va Mórdór. Éřóvouro sesbé gei gritʼ ha? Igʼamyni erómode va Mórdór jadřyjyr, é ijó jadřorsék va Góndór, žytař. Nékédřoroni ařyšékʼóre va janarni sorén. Bʼómyti agʼožéde va jaboř osáň Góndór, su ropyn sesbé ot ghog ut!

:'''Gloss:''' 3SG.INAN.NOM-be.PRES gift. // gift to DEF.AN-foe of Mordor. // 1PL.NOM-NEG-be_able-PRES.bé use_INF this ring why? // 3SG.AN.NOM-push-PRES.mé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-force-PL of Mordor DEF.AN-father-1SG.POSS REL 3SG.AN.NOM-be.PRES DEF.AN-protect-AGENT of Gondor far-ADV. // 3PL.NOM-PASS-protect-PRES.bé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-land-PL of DEF.AN-person.PL 2SG.POSS with DEF.INAN-blood of DEF.AN-person.PL 1PL.POSS. give-IMP-3SG.INAN.ACC DEF.INAN-weapon of DEF.AN-foe to Gondor and allow-IMP-1PL.ACC use-INF 3SG.INAN against 3SG.AN!

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Ewige'''
+'''Ewige''' (/əˈwiːgeɪ/, natively ''néto Éwigéřé'' [neto ˈeɹigerɛ], "Ewige language") is a language spoken in central-southern [[w:Siberia|Siberia]], near the borders with Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and China. It is one of several descendants of the Ivugi language, also spoken in Siberia circa 1000 CE, but it is not considered mutually intelligible with the other Ivugean languages, as they are collectively known. The speaker pool of Ewige is estimated at around 200,000 individuals, mostly living in [[w:Kemerovo Oblast|Kemerovo Oblast]], the [[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]], and other nearby federal subjects of Russia; significant Ewige communities also exist in Kazakhstan, western Russia, the United States, and Germany. Community leaders have been enthusiastic about keeping the language alive, arranging for many films, comic strips, and books to be translated into the language and publishing newspapers in it.
+Ewige is a nominative-accusative, agglutinative language with an animate-inanimate distinction for nouns; as it features polypersonal agreement on verbs and many simpler sentences can express all their information with just a verb, some linguists argue that it is polysynthetic instead. It has two main dialects: ''Jugřé'' ("Southern") and ''Třařé'' ("Northern"); the more widely spoken and prestige Jugřé dialect is the one covered in this article.
 ==History==
@@ Line 25: / Line 27: @@
 ===Grammatical history===
 It has also undergone the following grammatical innovations:
-* Drastic simplification of noun pluralization: the majority of nouns now pluralize with ''-e'' or ''-de'', although a few dozen irregular nouns remain as vestiges of Ivugi's complex ablaut-based system.
+* Drastic simplification of noun pluralization: the majority of nouns now pluralize with ''-e'' or ''-de'', although a few dozen irregular nouns remain as vestiges of Ivugi's complex ablaut-based system. For example, the noun ''ireiždé'' "person" has the suppletive plural ''inarni'', which descends from Ivugi's original plural; this is because ''ireiždé'' is a novel coining that literally means "society-child".
 * Generalizing the Ivugi particle ''u'', which was used before animate singular nouns in the accusative, to be a general affix for animate nouns. Explicitly animate pronouns and verb inflections would later develop based on it.
 * Repurposing Ivugi's ''yi'' and ''ye'', which were the interrogative forms of "to be" in the past and present, as generic interrogative markers, and the resultant loss of Ivugi's morphological interrogative mood. They are now ''žé'' and ''ža''.
@@ Line 182: / Line 184: @@
 ==Vocabulary==
-While most of Ewige's vocabulary is indigenous, it has borrowed a large number of terms from nearby languages of the Eurasian steppe, particularly [[w:Russian language|Russian]], [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]], and [[w:Mongolian language|Mongolian]].
+While most of Ewige's vocabulary is indigenous, it has borrowed a large number of terms from nearby languages of the Eurasian steppe, particularly [[w:Russian language|Russian]], [[w:Kazakh language|Kazakh]], and [[w:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]. More recently, English and, to a lesser extent, Mandarin loanwords have entered the language as well.
+The numbers one through ten are as follows:
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+! Arabic numeral
+! Ewige number
+|-
+| 1
+| ''šy''
+|-
+| 2
+| ''syp''
+|-
+| 3
+| ''de''
+|-
+| 4
+| ''ny''
+|-
+| 5
+| ''ryr''
+|-
+| 6
+| ''gog''
+|-
+| 7
+| ''aku''
+|-
+| 8
+| ''gʼéru''
+|-
+| 9
+| ''nožo''
+|-
+| 10
+| ''žér''
+|}
 ==Dialectology==
+The dialect documented in this article is the prestige ''Jugřé'' (Southern) dialect, spoken by the majority of the population. The more innovative ''Třařé'' (Northern) dialect is characterized by the following features:
+* A lower percentage of loanwords and a tendency to use native coinings instead. When loanwords are imported, they are less likely to use non-native phones such as /l/.
+* The mid high vowels /e/ and /o/ are diphthongized to [iə] and [uə].
+* The low vowels have not shifted as far: /a/ is more like [æ] and /ɑ/ is more like [ɐ~ä].
+* The diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ are more centralized, especially in their onsets: [əi~əɨ] and [əu~əʉ].
+* /t/ and /d/ are often realized as [θ] and [ð], except at the start of a word.
+* /w/ becomes [ɹ~ɻ] in all positions, not just intervocalically.
+* /h/ disappears initially and merges with /x/ elsewhere; this creates homophones such as ''oš'' ("than") vs. ''hoš'' ("footprint"), and ''og'' ("that", to mark subordinate clauses) vs. ''hog'' ("gust").
+* /ə/ is slightly fronted and rounded, often as far as [ø~œ], but does not exhibit nearly the degree of allophony found in Jugřé Ewige.
+* The possessive pronouns are suffixed with the adjectival ''-řé'', such as ''sodařé'' ("yours"), equivalent to saying "yours-like" or "yours-ish" in English.
+* Double negation is common, with the general negative particle ''ou'' coming immediately before the verb.
+* Although Třařé Ewige is also pro-drop and its verbs have polypersonal agreement, subject pronouns are still used with greater frequency than in Jugřé Ewige, but they come at the very end of the sentence, including after any adverbs.
+* Various classes of nouns that are generally inanimate in Jugřé Ewige are animate in Třařé Ewige, such as geographical formations, vehicles, and large plants (mainly trees). A handful of nouns have moved in the opposite direction, being animate in Jugřé but inanimate in Třařé, such as ''igʼarut'' ("spider") and ''idé'' ("child").
+* The adverb ''gou'' ("now") has expanded in use to signify a sort of narrative past or aorist; it immediately follows the verb when used in this sense.
+* The verb ''gʼombé'' ("to help") is used as an auxiliary verb in a benefactive sense, such as in the phrase ''igʼomnor reipé ajoreiko ut'' "he threw the ball for me", which in Jugřé Ewige would mean "he helped me throw the ball".
+* Possibly influenced by the above, the verb ''ombé'' ("to wiggle, to oscillate") is used as an auxiliary verb for groups of two or more actors that are performing an action with one another (as opposed to separately). For example, ''néjomo jorimé'' is used to mean "they're arguing with each other", while ''néjorimy'' means "they're arguing separately".
+* The future-tense affix is always ''-sto-''; the ''-dzo-'' variant that Jugřé Ewige innovated for ''-me'' verbs does not exist.
+* The verbalizing suffix ''-(ó)batpé'' (from the Russian ''-ovat'') is uncommon; it is normally substituted with simply ''-(y)přémé''.
 ==Grammar==
@@ Line 208: / Line 265: @@
 |-
 | him/her
-| ''ot''
+| ''ut''
 | his/hers
-| ''sorot''
+| ''soriot''
 |-
 | it
-| ''ut''
+| ''ot''
 | its
-| ''soriot''
+| ''sorot''
 |-
 | we
@@ Line 327: / Line 384: @@
 |-
 ! Imperative
-| colspan="3" | ''-y'' (if followed by an object suffix),<br>''-∅'' (otherwise)
+| colspan="3" | ''-(m/b/p)y'' (if followed by an object suffix),<br>''-∅'' (otherwise)
 |-
 ! rowspan="7" | Object
@@ Line 359: / Line 416: @@
 :1PL.NOM-NEG-SUBJ-guard-PST_bé-2SG.ACC_bé
 :If we hadn't been protected by you...
+Ewige has only eleven basic irregular verbs, although verbs derived from them follow their conjugations, much as the past tense of "to outdo" in English is "outdid". These verbs are only irregular in the past and present; their other inflections are regular. They are listed below in the infinitive, and in the past and present with no conjugation for person and number. They are all fairly common verbs, some of them relating to motion.
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" | English
+! colspan="3" | Ewige
+|-
+! Infinitive
+! Past
+! Present
+|-
+| to be
+| ''jómé''
+| ''-jón''
+| ''-jó''
+|-
+| to eat
+| ''ámé''
+| ''-án''
+| ''-áró''
+|-
+| to go
+| ''šérbé''
+| ''-šédu''
+| ''-šédo''
+|-
+| to need
+| ''rimé''
+| ''-rimu''
+| ''-rimo''
+|-
+| to say
+| ''šémé''
+| ''-sonó''
+| ''-soko''
+|-
+| to have
+| ''otʼamé''
+| ''-otʼou''
+| ''-otʼei''
+|-
+| to see
+| ''otʼépé''
+| ''-otʼó''
+| ''-otʼy''
+|-
+| to leave
+| ''épymé''
+| ''-épion''
+| ''-épio''
+|-
+| to run
+| ''sonémé''
+| ''-sonu''
+| ''-sono''
+|-
+| to walk
+| ''esomé''
+| ''-estu''
+| ''-esto''
+|-
+| to swim
+| ''vobé''
+| ''-vobu''
+| ''-vobo''
+|}
 ===Adjectives===
@@ Line 441: / Line 564: @@
 ===Syntax===
-Ewige uses the rare [[w:verb–object–subject|verb–object–subject]] word order. Noun phrases are generally right-branching, with adjectives, numerals, and relative clauses all following the head noun (in that order). However, Ewige uses prepositions rather than postpositions, and determiners precede the head noun. Adverbs typically come at the end of the sentence.
+Ewige uses the rare [[w:verb–object–subject|verb–object–subject]] word order. Noun phrases are generally right-branching, with adjectives, numerals, and relative clauses all following the head noun (in that order). However, Ewige uses prepositions rather than postpositions, and determiners precede the head noun. Adverbs are formed by suffixing an adjective (or other part of speech) with ''-(j)agh'', or ''-ař'' if the adjective ends in a stop consonant. These adverbs typically come at the end of the sentence.
 Other than for verbs, negation is fairly simple. Noun phrases are negated with ''vó'', which precedes the noun phrase. The general negation particle is ''ou'', which is used to negate every part of speech other than verbs and nouns.
@@ Line 502: / Line 625: @@
 ==Sample text==
+A speech uttered by Boromir in ''[[w:The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':
+:'''Original''': It is a gift. A gift to the foes of Mordor. Why not use this Ring? Long has my father, the steward of Gondor, kept the forces of Mordor at bay. By the blood of our people are your lands kept safe. Give Gondor the weapon of the enemy; let us use it against him!
+:'''Ewige:''' Ojó jobóno. Jobóno osáň jaboř va Mórdór. Éřóvouro sesbé gei gritʼ ha? Igʼamyni erómode va Mórdór jadřyjyr, é ijó jadřorsék va Góndór, žytař. Nékédřoroni ařyšékʼóre va janarni sorén. Bʼómyti agʼožéde va jaboř osáň Góndór, su ropyn sesbé ot ghog ut!
+:'''Gloss:''' 3SG.INAN.NOM-be.PRES gift. // gift to DEF.AN-foe of Mordor. // 1PL.NOM-NEG-be_able-PRES.bé use_INF this ring why? // 3SG.AN.NOM-push-PRES.mé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-force-PL of Mordor DEF.AN-father-1SG.POSS REL 3SG.AN.NOM-be.PRES DEF.AN-protect-AGENT of Gondor far-ADV. // 3PL.NOM-PASS-protect-PRES.bé-3PL.ACC DEF.INAN-land-PL of DEF.AN-person.PL 2SG.POSS with DEF.INAN-blood of DEF.AN-person.PL 1PL.POSS. give-IMP-3SG.INAN.ACC DEF.INAN-weapon of DEF.AN-foe to Gondor and allow-IMP-1PL.ACC use-INF 3SG.INAN against 3SG.AN!