Nurian/Old: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
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|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = '' | |nativename = ''senNūrima'' | ||
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]] | |setting=[[Verse:Tricin]] | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = | |region = Txapoalli | ||
|country = | |country = Nūrei | ||
|familycolor=PfK | |familycolor=PfK | ||
|fam1= [[ | |fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]] | ||
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | ||
|script={{PAGENAME}} script | |script={{PAGENAME}} script | ||
|iso3=qnr | |iso3=qnr | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: '' | '''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''senNūrima'', [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrib'' or ''brits Nwrée'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] and a sister of [[Tigol]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical [[Netagin]]. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ''ďaccerabaccera'' is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese ''chinpunkanpun''.) | ||
Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently" | |||
Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings | |||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
q qw > epiglottal stop | |||
R Rw > ayin | |||
Allow ''ntt'' unlike Pali and like Finnish? | |||
Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin) | |||
*Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate? | |||
*should be P-Talmic | |||
*Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves? | |||
*-tl-, -dl- > -ċċ-, -ġġ- used mainly in names | |||
*''-tą'' = instrument/patient suffix | |||
*''massah'' = dark | |||
*''Tamī3inai'' = Wen Dămea | |||
*''ħammih'' = wheat (~ sñyrm) | |||
*''dallhatuh'' = strife | |||
*''hienaθini'' = sleep soundly | |||
*''-zzah'' = deverbal noun | |||
**''muoġiazzah'' = food | |||
*''nhuobai'' = jaw | |||
*''natterai'' = chain | |||
== Diachronics == | |||
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara ġą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą luġġeθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āċą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miauġūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar. | |||
i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V | |||
final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian) | |||
==Historical phonology== | ==Historical phonology== | ||
*''-am -em -im -om -um | *''-am -em -im -om -um -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm'' > ''-ą -ę -į -ą -ų -ą -ę -į -ų -ų'' | ||
*''-s'' > ''-h'' | *''-s'' > ''-h'' | ||
*Thn. ''cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu'' > ''ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu'' | *Thn. ''cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu'' > ''ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu'' | ||
*''e ē ei ea eā'' > ''e ē ei ia iā'' | *''e ē ei ea eā'' > ''e ē ei ia iā'' | ||
*''o, ō'' > ''a, uo'' | *''o, ō'' > ''a, uo''; word final ''-uo'' > ''-ū'' | ||
*''ae oe ui ao eo iu'' > ''ai ȳ ui au iuo iū'' | *''ae oe ui ao eo iu'' > ''ai ȳ ui au iuo iū'' | ||
===Cluster assimilations=== | ===Cluster assimilations=== | ||
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially. | Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially. | ||
*'' | *''bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl'' > ''bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi'' | ||
*'' | *''ql, ȝl'' > ''qq, ȝȝ'' | ||
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll'' | *''nl, rl'' > both ''ll'' | ||
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, | *''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh'' | ||
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, | *''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, zz, gg'' | ||
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, | *''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh'' | ||
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ'' | *''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ'' | ||
*''mr'' > '' | *''mr'' > ''mm'' | ||
*''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng'' | *''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng'' | ||
*''mn'' > ''nn'' | *''mn'' > ''nn'' | ||
*''rC'' > ''CC'' | *''rC'' > ''CC'' | ||
*''lC'' > '':C'' | *''lC'' > '':C''; ''lv'' > ''vv'' | ||
*''ct'' > ''tt'' | *''ct'' > ''tt'' | ||
*''VN + fricative'' > ''V[+nasal] + fricative'' | *''VN + fricative'' > ''V[+nasal] + fricative'' | ||
*''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv'' | *''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv'' | ||
===Co-reflexes with Eevo=== | |||
*''aw'' ~ ''uo, ā, a+C'' | |||
*''ia'' ~ ''ei'' | |||
*''i'' ~ ''ȳ, ī, ē, a/e/i+C'' | |||
==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around | The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology is phonemic contrast between velarization and palatalization in consonants. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + | Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed. | ||
=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
{|class=" | |||
|- | |- | ||
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian | |+'''Consonant phonemes in Old Nurian''' | ||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
!colspan="2" | Labial | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
!colspan="2" | Dental | !colspan="2" | Dental | ||
!colspan="2" | Alveolar | !colspan="2" | Alveolar/Retroflex | ||
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar | !rowspan="2" | Postalveolar | ||
!colspan="2" | Velar | !colspan="2" | Velar | ||
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!<small>tenuis</small> | !<small>tenuis</small> | ||
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ | | '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ | ||
| '''t''' t̪ˠ || | | '''t''' t̪ˠ || '''ti''' t̪ˢʲ | ||
| || ''' | | '''t{{cdb}}''' tˠ~ʈˠ || '''t{{cdb}}i''' tʲ | ||
| '''ċi''' tʃ | | '''ċi''' tʃ | ||
| '''ki''' kʲ | | '''ki''' kʲ | ||
| '''k''' k | | '''k''' k | ||
| | | '''q, qi''' ʡ | ||
| '''-r | | '''-r''' ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ | | '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ | ||
| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || | | '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || '''thi''' t̪ˢʲʰ | ||
| || ''' | | '''t{{cdb}}h''' tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ || '''t{{cdb}}hi''' tʲʰ | ||
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ | | '''ċhi''' tʃʰ | ||
| '''khi''' kʲʰ | | '''khi''' kʲʰ | ||
| '''kh''' kʰ | | '''kh''' kʰ | ||
| | | '''qh, qhi''' ʡʰ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ | | '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ | ||
| '''d''' d̪ˠ || | | '''d''' d̪ˠ || '''di''' d̪ᶻʲ | ||
| || ''' | | '''d{{cdb}}''' dˠ~ɖˠ || '''d{{cdb}}i''' dʲ | ||
| '''ġi''' dʒ | | '''ġi''' dʒ | ||
| '''gi''' ɡʲ | | '''gi''' ɡʲ | ||
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!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ | | '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ | ||
| ''' | | '''s''' s̪ˠ || | ||
| ''' | | || '''si''' sʲ | ||
| '''ṡi''' ʃ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''h, hi''' h | | '''h, hi''' h | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ | | '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ | ||
| ''' | | '''z''' z̪ˠ || | ||
| ''' | | || '''zi''' zʲ | ||
| '''żi''' ʒ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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;Notes | ;Notes | ||
*Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated. | *Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated. | ||
*All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, | *All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ/, which are uvularized). | ||
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/. | *All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/. | ||
*/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ]. | */rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ]. | ||
*/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated. | */rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated. | ||
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====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels. | Old Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes''' | |+ '''Vowel phonemes''' | ||
! rowspan="2" style=""| | ! rowspan="2" style=""| | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Diphthongs:''' / | '''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/ | ||
;Notes | ;Notes | ||
*/a aː/ each have two allophones: | |||
*/a aː/ each have | **[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants. | ||
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants | |||
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/ | **[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/ | ||
Romanization: | |||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ] | *''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ] | ||
*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ] | *''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ] | ||
*''u'': hard /ʊ/ | *''u'': hard /ʊ/ | ||
*''ui'': hard /ʊɪ/ | *''ui'': hard /ʊɪ/ | ||
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{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
== | ===Stress=== | ||
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic: | |||
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable; | |||
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed. | |||
== | ==Orthography== | ||
=== | Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script. | ||
===Consonants=== | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
== | ==Morphology== | ||
:''Main article: [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Morphology]]'' | |||
== | == Numerals == | ||
Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: ''pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah'' | |||
* ''pēm, pēmai, pēmah'' '1', ''thām, thāmai, thāmah'' '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives | |||
* ''θiuor'' '2', ''ħuor'' '10', and ''ħuoθθiur'' '12' decline like a dual adjective | |||
* ''naġġį'' '3', ''δiaubį'' '4' and their teen counterparts are i-stem masculines | |||
* ''salle'' (< saliθe) '5' is indeclinable | |||
* ''ruodih, laddih, habbih'' are i-stem neuters | |||
* ''miekah'' is an o-stem noun | |||
== | ==Syntax== | ||
Nurian uses SVO, head-initial syntax. There are no articles. | |||
:'''''Guoδati damibeh jāni betthar.''''' | |||
:[ˈguɔðˠɑtʲi ˈdˠɑmʲɪbʲæh ˈjæːnʲi ˈbʲættʰˠɑɾ] | |||
:guoδ-ti tam-ibeh jāni betth-ar | |||
:remain-3PL leaf-PL.CST laurel.SG.ABS.NOM green-PL.F.ABS.NOM | |||
:''Laurel leaves stay green.'' | |||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
*'' | *''kaC-, kat'' = 'and' | ||
**''ħuġġiah | **''ħuġġiah kap pālei'' = 'bread and milk' | ||
*'' | *''ei'' (/ɛɪ/) = 'not' | ||
*''fī'' /fʲiː/ = 'if' | |||
* ''khą'' = but | |||
* ''rį'' = relativizer | |||
* ''fim'' = complementizer | |||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause. | Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause. | ||
==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:''Kakarai | :''Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.'' | ||
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː | :[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː] | ||
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M | :human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F | ||
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category: | ==Poetry== | ||
Greek and Latin quantitative meters, no rhyming | |||
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quame languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Pseudo-Arabic]] |
Latest revision as of 00:06, 1 September 2022
Pages with the prefix 'Nurian/Old' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:
Nurian/Old | |
---|---|
senNūrima | |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | qnr |
Nurian (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: senNūrima, Eevo: Nwrib or brits Nwrée) is a Talmic language and a sister of Tigol, aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical Netagin. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ďaccerabaccera is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese chinpunkanpun.)
Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently"
Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings
Todo
q qw > epiglottal stop
R Rw > ayin
Allow ntt unlike Pali and like Finnish?
Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin)
- Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate?
- should be P-Talmic
- Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves?
- -tl-, -dl- > -ċċ-, -ġġ- used mainly in names
- -tą = instrument/patient suffix
- massah = dark
- Tamī3inai = Wen Dămea
- ħammih = wheat (~ sñyrm)
- dallhatuh = strife
- hienaθini = sleep soundly
- -zzah = deverbal noun
- muoġiazzah = food
- nhuobai = jaw
- natterai = chain
Diachronics
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara ġą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą luġġeθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āċą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miauġūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar.
i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V
final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian)
Historical phonology
- -am -em -im -om -um -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm > -ą -ę -į -ą -ų -ą -ę -į -ų -ų
- -s > -h
- Thn. cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu > ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu
- e ē ei ea eā > e ē ei ia iā
- o, ō > a, uo; word final -uo > -ū
- ae oe ui ao eo iu > ai ȳ ui au iuo iū
Cluster assimilations
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
- bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl > bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi
- ql, ȝl > qq, ȝȝ
- nl, rl > both ll
- sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr > pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh
- sb, sd, sg > bb, zz, gg
- pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr > pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh
- br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr > bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ
- mr > mm
- cn, gn > ngh, ng
- mn > nn
- rC > CC
- lC > :C; lv > vv
- ct > tt
- VN + fricative > V[+nasal] + fricative
- tv dv θv δv > pp bb ff vv
Co-reflexes with Eevo
- aw ~ uo, ā, a+C
- ia ~ ei
- i ~ ȳ, ī, ē, a/e/i+C
Numbers
Phonology
The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology is phonemic contrast between velarization and palatalization in consonants. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
Phonotactics
Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar/Retroflex | Postalveolar | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | |||||
Nasal | voiceless | mh m̊ˠ | mhi m̊ʲ | nh n̪̊ˠ | nhi n̊ʲ | nghi ŋ̊ʲ | ngh ŋ̊ | |||||
voiced | m mˠ | mi mʲ | n n̪ˠ | ni nʲ | ngi ŋʲ | ng ŋ | ||||||
Stop | tenuis | p pˠ | pi pʲ | t t̪ˠ | ti t̪ˢʲ | ṭ tˠ~ʈˠ | ṭi tʲ | ċi tʃ | ki kʲ | k k | q, qi ʡ | -r ʔ |
aspirated | ph pˠʰ | phi pʲʰ | th t̪ˠʰ | thi t̪ˢʲʰ | ṭh tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ | ṭhi tʲʰ | ċhi tʃʰ | khi kʲʰ | kh kʰ | qh, qhi ʡʰ | ||
voiced | b bˠ | bi bʲ | d d̪ˠ | di d̪ᶻʲ | ḍ dˠ~ɖˠ | ḍi dʲ | ġi dʒ | gi ɡʲ | g ɡ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f fˠ | fi fʲ | s s̪ˠ | si sʲ | ṡi ʃ | h, hi h | |||||
voiced | v vˠ | vi vʲ | z z̪ˠ | zi zʲ | żi ʒ | |||||||
Trill | voiceless | rh r̥ˠ | rhi r̥ʲ | |||||||||
voiced | r rˠ | ri rʲ | ||||||||||
Lateral | voiceless | lh l̥ˠ | lhi l̥ʲ | |||||||||
voiced | l lˠ | li lʲ | ||||||||||
Approximant | j j | ȝ, ȝi ʕ |
- Notes
- Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
- All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ/, which are uvularized).
- All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
- /rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
- /rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
- /lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
- /lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
- /ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
- /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
- Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
- /ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
- /ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
- /h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.
Vowels
Old Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.
Front | Central | Back | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | nasal | short | long | nasal | short | long | nasal | |
Close | /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | /iː/ | /ĩː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | /ũː/ | |||
Open | [ɛ~æ] | [æː] | /a/ | /aː/ | /ãː/ | [ɑ] | [ɑː] |
Diphthongs: /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/
- Notes
- /a aː/ each have two allophones:
- [ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants.
- [ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
Romanization:
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Stress
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
- Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
- if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.
Orthography
Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script.
Consonants
Vowels
Morphology
- Main article: Nurian/Old/Morphology
Numerals
Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah
- pēm, pēmai, pēmah '1', thām, thāmai, thāmah '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives
- θiuor '2', ħuor '10', and ħuoθθiur '12' decline like a dual adjective
- naġġį '3', δiaubį '4' and their teen counterparts are i-stem masculines
- salle (< saliθe) '5' is indeclinable
- ruodih, laddih, habbih are i-stem neuters
- miekah is an o-stem noun
Syntax
Nurian uses SVO, head-initial syntax. There are no articles.
- Guoδati damibeh jāni betthar.
- [ˈguɔðˠɑtʲi ˈdˠɑmʲɪbʲæh ˈjæːnʲi ˈbʲættʰˠɑɾ]
- guoδ-ti tam-ibeh jāni betth-ar
- remain-3PL leaf-PL.CST laurel.SG.ABS.NOM green-PL.F.ABS.NOM
- Laurel leaves stay green.
Particles
- kaC-, kat = 'and'
- ħuġġiah kap pālei = 'bread and milk'
- ei (/ɛɪ/) = 'not'
- fī /fʲiː/ = 'if'
- khą = but
- rį = relativizer
- fim = complementizer
Relative clauses
Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.
Sample texts
UDHR, Article 1
- Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.
- [ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
- human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
- All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Poetry
Greek and Latin quantitative meters, no rhyming