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Yrkyr: Difference between revisions
→Preverb
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====Preverb==== | ====Preverb==== | ||
Some prefixes, put into this template, indicate various spatial and temporal relation. Their meaning is similar to English prepositions that are used with nouns, but in Yrkyr they are used with the verb instead. Some nouns are also incorporated into the verb and put into this template. Preverb can be analized as separate word from the verb but it always strictly precedes the verb it modifies. The noun incorporation of this type is falling out of use, instead nouns tend to fuse with pronominal particles when possible. The only frequent preverb is ''te-'', which is used to indicate motion along something or that the action may progress. Others are ''he-'' indicating a downward movement and ''nam-'' indicating action on the surface of something. | Some prefixes, put into this template, indicate various spatial and temporal relation. Their meaning is similar to English prepositions that are used with nouns, but in Yrkyr they are used with the verb instead. Some nouns are also incorporated into the verb and put into this template. Preverb can be analized as separate word from the verb but it always strictly precedes the verb it modifies. The noun incorporation of this type is falling out of use, instead nouns tend to fuse with pronominal particles when possible. The only frequent preverb is ''te-'', which is used to indicate motion along something or that the action may progress. Others are ''he-'' indicating a downward movement and ''nam-'' indicating action on the surface of something. | ||
====Prefixes==== | |||
*Thematic prefix is usually present in verbs as it is used to derive new verbs to convey new meanings. Meanings for each of those prefixes are very approximate, and there are numerous examples of each that do not seem to match. They likely originate from incorporated nouns in Proto-Yrharian and had become fully grammaticized and productive. Several prefixes may stack onto one another, when a new prefix is added to a verb already having one. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Thematic prefixes | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Prefix | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Meaning | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Examples | |||
|- | |||
| t- || irrealis marker || t-ena "to plan" | |||
|- | |||
| k- || action, work || k-y-ŋʷa "to describe" | |||
|- | |||
| p- || living || p-al(-in) "to occure" | |||
|- | |||
| ip- || position, place || ip-an "to sit" | |||
|- | |||
| l- || transitive verb || l-y-či "to see" | |||
|- | |||
| xʷ- || transform || xʷ-ys "to walk through" | |||
|- | |||
| c- || event in nature || k-y-c-on "to thaw" | |||
|- | |||
| lis- || social interaction || lit-us "to chat" | |||
|- | |||
| wyt- || mental state || wyt-ili "to sing" | |||
|- | |||
| myl- || tool usage || myl-na "to sew" | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Thematic prefixes may be partially or even fully fused with the next template in the verb, for instance: ''wyt-nu'' - ''wynnu'' "to find out", where ''t'' is assimilated to the following sound. | |||
*Negation is marked with a negative prefix ''im-''. The interrogative prefix ''haj-'' is also put into this template. If two prefixes are used, they fuse into one prefix ''jahm-''. | |||
*[[w:Evidentiality|Evidentiality]] is marked on a verb by means of several prefixes, which are listed in the table below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Evidentiality | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Prefix | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| Ø- || experienced by the speaker | |||
|- | |||
| ytn- || been just seen by the speaker | |||
|- | |||
| ošk- || heared from a reliable source | |||
|- | |||
| lha- || hypothetical, assumed | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
*Valence is indicated via three prefixes: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Valence | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Prefix | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| ax-/ix- || reflexive | |||
|- | |||
| ajŋ-/ijŋ- || reciprocal | |||
|- | |||
| aŋ-/iŋ- || 3rd person indirect object | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
*[[w:Linguistic modality|Modality]] markers indicate ability, possibility and likelyhood of an action. It is often used together with a ''t-'' thematic prefix. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Modality | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Prefix | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| xa- || ability | |||
|- | |||
| el- || certitude | |||
|- | |||
| un- || possibility | |||
|- | |||
| yxt- || doubt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||