Grekelin: Difference between revisions

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Massive language reform to make it more natural
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Grekelin ([[w:Autoglossonym|Autoglossonym]]: ''A gnújza Grekelénikin'', pronounced: /a ˈɡnʊd͡ʒɑ grːɛkɛˈlɛnikin/, lit. "The Grekelin language") is a [[w:Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] language with strong [[w:Hungarian Language|Hungarian]] influence. Grekelin split from [[w:Medieval Greek|Medieval Greek]] around the 12th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by Greek refugees, and has since then split for more than 9 centuries from Greek.
Grekelin ([[w:Autoglossonym|Autoglossonym]]: ''A gnújza Grekelénikin'', pronounced: /a ˈɡnʊd͡ʒɑ grːɛkɛˈlɛnikin/, lit. "The Grekelin language") is a [[w:Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] language with strong [[w:Hungarian Language|Hungarian]] influence. Grekelin split from [[w:Medieval Greek|Medieval Greek]] around the 11th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by Greek refugees, and has since then split for more than 10 centuries from Greek.


As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Greek multiple features although it remains more conservative than Standard Greek. However the language has become an SOV one (As opposed to most Indo-European languages which are SVO) due to extensive Hungarian influence. It's vocabulary has almost mostly remained Greek however Hungarian words can be found often in the language. Grekelin is the most isolated Hellenic language currently in the entire world, with about 1200 kilometers of language seperation.
As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Greek multiple features and cognates although it remains more conservative than Standard Greek. However the language has become an SOV one (As opposed to most Indo-European languages which are SVO) due to extensive Hungarian influence. It's vocabulary has almost mostly remained Greek however Hungarian words can be found often in the language. Grekelin is the most isolated Hellenic language currently in the entire world, with about 1200 kilometers of language seperation.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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==Alphabet and Orthography==
==Alphabet and Orthography==
The Grekelin alphabet consists of 28 letters, five of which are vowels and 23 are consonants.
The Grekelin alphabet consists of 23 letters, five of which are vowels and 18 are consonants.
<center>
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
The grammar of Grekelin is generally very simple and consistent. It is very conservative compared to Greek (Or dialects of it).
The grammar of Grekelin is generally very simple and consistent. It is very conservative compared to Greek (Or dialects of it).
# Grekelin has two articles, a and egy. a becomes e (Remnant of Greek genders) if the subject or object ends with -i.
===Articles===
# Grekelin has also lost it's grammatical genders, although traces of it still remain in the language. The loss of genders was seen during the shift to Proto-Grekelin, which did not distinguish inflections as much as Greek, leading to gender endings merging together.
Grekelin has both indefinite and definite articles, which are inflected exclusively based on the number and the noun ending:
# Fusional verb inflection for person, number and tense.
<center>
# Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case persists (Although different from the one in Proto-Grekelin), the dative case:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Grekelin
|-
! Ending !! Definite Article !! Indefinite Article !! Plural Form
|-
| -i noun ending || e /ε/ || eni /ˈɛɳi/ || ei /ji/
|-
| Other noun endings || a /ɑ/ || en /ɛɳ/ || -
|}
</center>
 
===Cases===
# Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case.


<center>
<center>
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! Case !! Singular !! Plural
! Case !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || (A) gnújza || (A) gegnújzek
| Nominative || (A) gnújza || (A) gnújzek
|-
| Genitive || Ta gnújzas || Tak gegnújzes
|-
|-
| Accusative || Ecs gnújza || Ecs gegnújzek
| Genitive || Ca gnújzas || Ca gnújzes
|-
|-
| Dative || Gnujzadúk || Gegnujzadúkek
| Accusative || Ecs gnújza || Ecs gnújzek
|-
|-
| Vocative || Oh gnújzae || Oh gegnújzaek
| Vocative || Oh gnújzae || Oh gnújze
|}
|}
</center>
</center>
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! Case !! Singular !! Plural
! Case !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
| Nominative || (E) kuklí || (E) kekuklímek
| Nominative || (E) kuklí || (Ei) kuklí
|-
| Genitive || Te kuklín || Tek kekuklínimek
|-
|-
| Accusative || Ecs kuklí || Ecs kuklí
| Genitive || Ci kuklí || Ci kukliók
|-
|-
| Dative || Kuklidúk || Kekuklikedúk
| Accusative || Ecs kuklí || Ecs kuklíok
|-
|-
| Vocative || Oh kuklí || Oh keklukímeka
| Vocative || Oh kuklí || Oh kuklíe
|}
|}
</center>
</center>


==Geographic Distribution and Demographics==
==Geographic Distribution and Demographics==
Grekelin today has about 50 thousand speakers, spread out all across Central Europe. Out of them, 28.000 lived in Hungary, another 16.500 live in Serbia or Greece, and 15.500 live in Slovakia or Ukraine ([[w:Carpathia|Carpathia]]). It forms the majority language in villages of [[w:North Banat|North Banat]] and some spread out parts of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]] and [[w:Ukraine|Ukraine]]. It forms a significant language in Hungary and is also spoken in [[w:Greece|Greece]], primarily from learners. The populations of Serbia and Slovakia speak the Slavic dialect whereas the Hungarian populations speak the Standard dialect.
Grekelin today has about 100 thousand speakers, spread out in Hungary, Serbia and a tiny minority in Slovakia. It forms the majority language in villages of [[w:North Banat|North Banat]] and some spread out parts of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. It forms a significant language in Hungary and is also spoken in [[w:Greece|Greece]], primarily from migrants. The populations of Serbia and Slovakia speak the Slavic dialect whereas the Hungarian population speaks the Standard dialect.


==Stress==
==Stress==
Grekelin does not have any rules on the stress placement. The stress may go on any position <b>unless</b> the final vowel is doubled*, where the stress is automatically passed there.
Grekelin does not have any rules on the stress placement. The stress may go on any position <b>unless</b> the final vowel is a long one, where the stress is automatically passed there.
The standard Grekelin dialect makes stressed syllables have longer length, a remnant of the Classical Greek vowel length feature. Slavic Grekelin instead makes all the phonemes have the same length.
However, like it's ancestor Greek, Grekelin maintains most words' stress in one of the three syllables in the end, with the highest frequency being the 2nd one.
 
<small>''*Doubled vowels are largely extinct in Modern Grekelin, as '''oo''' for example would become '''ojzo'''.''</small>


==Evolution==
==Evolution==
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Grekelin preserved all Medieval Greek vowels, except for /y/. Vowel length was already lost although some Slavic subdialects do preserve the Proto-Grekelin rule, where a stressed vowel becomes slightly longer and pronounced more clearly.
Grekelin preserved all Medieval Greek vowels, except for /y/ which became an /i/ as well. Depending on the dialect, vowel length does persist, however Standard Grekelin does not enforce vowel length distinction in any vowel.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Many consonants underwent a very regular but much more extensive evolution found in most Greek dialects, called Tsitakismos, where /k/ and /c/ are palatalized. Modern Grekelin further merged many consonants and clusters in words into /d͡ʒ/, such as /ks/, /z/, /n/, /k/ and /ɣ/. /l/ became entirely /ɫ/, something only common in Macedonia then. Finally, in Proto-Grekelin, if the preceding letter was a consonant, /v/ became /w/.
Many consonants underwent a very regular but much more extensive evolution found in most Greek dialects, called Tsitakismos, where /k/ and /c/ are palatalized. Modern Grekelin further merged many consonants and clusters in words into /d͡ʒ/, such as /ks/, /z/, /n/, /k/ and /ɣ/. /l/ became entirely /ɫ/, something only common in Macedonia then. Finally, in Proto-Grekelin, if the preceding letter was a consonant, /v/ became /w/.
Metathesis is very common in the language too, as consonant clusters are often split apart eg. Greek '''Αλεύρι''' vs Grekelin '''Aléwir'''.
Metathesis is very common in the language too, as consonant clusters are often split apart eg. Greek '''Αλεύρι''' vs Grekelin '''Aléwir'''.
Many fricatives were lost in Grekelin, becoming their plosive counterpart. This is one of the ways to distinguish a Greek and a Grekelin word. Compare the word "generous" in both languages:
'''Greek''': Γενναιόδωρος (/ɣeneˈoðoɾos/)
'''Grekelin''': Geneodorra (/gɛɲɛˈdora/)


===Grammar===
===Grammar===
Grekelin melted down much of Greek grammar, including the deletion of genders and moods. In addition, Grekelin is slowly turning from a fusional language to an agglutinative one:
Grekelin melted down much of Greek grammar, including the deletion of genders and moods. In addition, Grekelin is slowly turning from a fusional language to an agglutinative one:
# Greek: '''Είδα τους ανθρώπους'''
# Greek: '''Είδα τους ανθρώπους'''
# Grekelin: '''E leleóttek íwlima'''
# Grekelin: '''Eí leótte egó íwloi'''


Grekelin uses seperate particles for the plural, person, tense and recepient.


==Words==
==Words==
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| Good morning! || ''Jo regzétti!'' || /d͡ʒo rɛ'ɟkʰɛːti/
| Good morning! || ''Jo regzétti!'' || /d͡ʒo rɛ'ɟkʰɛːti/
|-
|-
| Good night! || ''Jo niktrá!'' || /d͡ʒo njk'tr̩ɑ/
| Good night! || ''Jo niktrá!'' || /d͡ʒo nik'tr̩ɑ/
|-
|-
| Have a nice day! || ''Eis jódila sei!'' || /jis 'd͡ʒodilɑ si/
| Have a nice day! || ''Eis jódila sei!'' || /jis 'd͡ʒodilɑ si/
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| Who? || ''Pkios?'' || /pkjoːs/
| Who? || ''Pkios?'' || /pkjoːs/
|-
|-
| What? || ''Ti?'' || /ti/
| What? || ''?'' || /ti/
|-
|-
| When? || ''Pónte?'' || /ˈpo.ntɛ/
| When? || ''Pónte?'' || /ˈpo.ntɛ/
|-
|-
| Where? || ''Pe?'' || /pɛ/
| Where? || ''?'' || /pɛ/
|-
|-
| How? || ''Posz?'' || /ˈpoʃ/
| How? || ''Pósz?'' || /ˈpoʃ/
|-
|-
| Why || ''Jzátti?'' || /'d͡ʒati/
| Why || ''Jzátti?'' || /'d͡ʒati/
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| My name is... || ''A nóma mei entá ...''' || /ɑ ˈno.ma mi enˈtα/
| My name is... || ''A nóma mei entá ...''' || /ɑ ˈno.ma mi enˈtα/
|-
|-
| Do you speak English? || ''Relalíte a egzlézikin?'' || /rɛ.ɫɑˈɫ̩ita ɑ ɛɟkʱˈɫɛ.zikiŋ/
| Do you speak English? || ''Relalíte eís egzlézikin?'' || /rɛ.ɫɑˈɫ̩ita jis ɛɟkʱˈɫɛ.zikiŋ/
|-
|-
| I do not understand Grekelin. || ''U nyõ a gnújza Grekelénikin.'' || /u ɲoː ɑ ˈɡnud͡ʒɑ ɡrɛˈkɛ.ɫɛnikiŋ/
| I do not understand Grekelin. || ''U nyó a gnújza Grekelénikin.'' || /u ɲo ɑ ˈɡnud͡ʒɑ ɡrɛˈkɛ.ɫɛnikiŋ/
|-
|-
| Help me! || ''Woíttya!'' || /ˈvoˈitʲɑ/
| Help me! || ''Woíttya!'' || /ˈvoˈitʲɑ/
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| How much is it? || ''Pószo entá?'' || /ˈpoʃo ɛnˈtɑ/
| How much is it? || ''Pószo entá?'' || /ˈpoʃo ɛnˈtɑ/
|-
|-
| The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. || ''Máttkiszi ta Grekelénikis peiá a nu kowtoérta.'' || /'matkisi grːɛkɛˈlɛ.nikibiː pjɑ α nu kovtoˈɛr.ta/
| The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. || ''Máttkiszi ca Grekelénikis peiá a nu kowtoérta.'' || /'matkisi grːɛkɛˈlɛ.nikibiː pjɑ α nu kovtoˈɛr.ta/
|-
|-
| Where are you from? || ''Pe énte ecs szy?'' || /pɛ ˈɛnte ɛt͡s ʃi/
| Where are you from? || ''Pe éste ecs szy?'' || /pɛ ˈɛste ɛt͡s ʃi/
|}
|}


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<li>The letter "u" represents the ''/ɨ/'' sound instead of the ''/u/'' one, when unstressed.</li>
<li>The letter "u" represents the ''/ɨ/'' sound instead of the ''/u/'' one, when unstressed.</li>
<li>Borrow of Slavic words instead of using Grekelin ones (''A kárka'' -> ''A sztúlla'').</li>
<li>Borrow of Slavic words instead of using Grekelin ones (''A kárka'' -> ''A sztúlla'').</li>
<li>Preserving the dative case (Eis a míra -> A mirajdú) (NOTE: The dative case fixes the stress on the last syllable, which must be an ''u'').</li>
</ul>
</ul>


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