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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! ''ic'' | ! ''ic'' | ||
| þagc<span style="color:green"> | | þagc<span style="color:green">o</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange"> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">o</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red"> | | hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | ||
| dorm<span style="color:purple"> | | dorm<span style="color:purple">o</span> | ||
| ''im'' | | ''im'' | ||
| ''hô'' | | ''hô'' | ||
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====Present perfect==== | ====Present perfect==== | ||
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im | The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganatu a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersotu can ata iȧ hô rogiatu'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''eggiavo bicicletta a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuvedar can ata ia rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”). | ||
=====Past participle===== | =====Past participle===== | ||
The past participle is used to form the compound pasts (e.g. ''hô tavito'' “I have done”). Regular verbs follow a predictable pattern, but there are many verbs with an irregular past participle. | The past participle is used to form the compound pasts (e.g. ''hô tavito'' “I have done”). Regular verbs follow a predictable pattern, but there are many verbs with an irregular past participle. | ||
* <span style="color:green">'''1st conjugation</span>:''' '''- | * <span style="color:green">'''1st conjugation</span>:''' '''-atu''' (þagc'''atu''' “thought”); | ||
* <span style="color:darkorange">'''2nd conjugation</span>:''' '''- | * <span style="color:darkorange">'''2nd conjugation</span>:''' '''-utu''' (cred'''utu''' “believed”); | ||
* <span style="color:red">'''3rd conjugation</span>:''' '''- | * <span style="color:red">'''3rd conjugation</span>:''' '''-otu''' (hol'''otu''' “accused”); | ||
* <span style="color:purple">'''4th conjugation</span>:''' '''- | * <span style="color:purple">'''4th conjugation</span>:''' '''-itu''' (dorm'''itu''' “slept”); | ||
* ''vessare'' and ''stare'' have both ''' | * ''vessare'' and ''stare'' have both '''statu'''; | ||
* ''qemare'' (“to come”) has ''' | * ''qemare'' (“to come”) has '''qemutu'''; | ||
* ''taugiare'' has ''' | * ''taugiare'' has '''tavitu'''. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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!rowspan=4| Singular | !rowspan=4| Singular | ||
! {{small|nom.}} | ! {{small|nom.}} | ||
| -atu, -utu, -otu, -itu | |||
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita | |||
| -ato, -uto, -oto, -ito | | -ato, -uto, -oto, -ito | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|acc.}} | ! {{small|acc.}} | ||
| - | | -ato, -uto, -oto, -ito | ||
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita | | -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita | ||
| - | | -ato, -uto, -oto, -ito | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| - | | -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita | ||
| - | | -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita | ||
| - | | -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Except with an immediately preceding third person pronominal direct object, the participle always ends in '''- | Except with an immediately preceding third person pronominal direct object, the participle always ends in '''-u'''. | ||
All [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verbs]] and most [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verbs]] form the present perfect by combining the auxiliary verb ''havere'' “to have” in the present tense with the past participle of the transitive verb. A small number of intransitive verbs, namely ''vessare'' itself and verbs indicating motion (''qemare'' “to come”, ''ganare'' “to go”, ''affargiare'' “to arrive”, etc.) use the auxiliary verb vessare instead of ''havere''. The past participle in this agrees with gender and number of the subject. Passive forms always use ''havere''. | All [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verbs]] and most [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verbs]] form the present perfect by combining the auxiliary verb ''havere'' “to have” in the present tense with the past participle of the transitive verb. A small number of intransitive verbs, namely ''vessare'' itself and verbs indicating motion (''qemare'' “to come”, ''ganare'' “to go”, ''affargiare'' “to arrive”, etc.) use the auxiliary verb vessare instead of ''havere''. The past participle in this agrees with gender and number of the subject. Passive forms always use ''havere''. | ||
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The difference between imperfective and [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspects]] can be illustrated clearly with the verb ''vitare'' “to know”. The Italian imperfect expresses being in possession of knowledge in the past, while the perfective expresses the moment of acquiring the knowledge. | The difference between imperfective and [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspects]] can be illustrated clearly with the verb ''vitare'' “to know”. The Italian imperfect expresses being in possession of knowledge in the past, while the perfective expresses the moment of acquiring the knowledge. | ||
Imperfective: '' | Imperfective: ''Vitavo la vera''. “I knew the truth.” Perfective: ''Hô vitatu la vera''. “I found out the truth.” | ||
The Imperfect is, in most cases, formed by taking the stem along with the thematic vowel and adding ''-v-'' + the ending of the ''-are'' verbs in the present tense (with ''-amos'' instead of ''-iamos''). There are no irregular conjugations in the Imperfect except for a few forms inherited from Gothic [[w:Germanic weak verb|weak verbs]], suppletion, and ''vessare,'' which uses the stem ''er-'' and ''-v-'' appears only in 1st and 2nd person plurals. | The Imperfect is, in most cases, formed by taking the stem along with the thematic vowel and adding ''-v-'' + the ending of the ''-are'' verbs in the present tense (with ''-amos'' instead of ''-iamos''). There are no irregular conjugations in the Imperfect except for a few forms inherited from Gothic [[w:Germanic weak verb|weak verbs]], suppletion, and ''vessare,'' which uses the stem ''er-'' and ''-v-'' appears only in 1st and 2nd person plurals. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! ''ic'' | ! ''ic'' | ||
| þagc<span style="color:green"> | | þagc<span style="color:green">avo</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange"> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">evo</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red"> | | hol<span style="color:red">ovo</span> | ||
| dorm<span style="color:purple"> | | dorm<span style="color:purple">ivo</span> | ||
| ''erȯ'' | | ''erȯ'' | ||
| ''havaedȯ'' | | ''havaedȯ'' | ||
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* '''Active''' | * '''Active''' | ||
:* ''abbia | :* ''abbia þagcatu''; | ||
:* ''sia | :* ''sia qemutu''; | ||
:* ''sias | :* ''sias affargiatu''. | ||
* '''Passive''' | * '''Passive''' | ||
:* ''abbaera | :* ''abbaera þagcatu''; | ||
:* ''abbaera | :* ''abbaera qemutu''; | ||
:* ''abbaesa | :* ''abbaesa affargiatu''. | ||
=====Conditional preterite===== | =====Conditional preterite===== | ||
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* '''Active''' | * '''Active''' | ||
:* ''haveria | :* ''haveria dormitu''; | ||
:* ''saria | :* ''saria venutu''. | ||
* '''Passive''' | * '''Passive''' | ||
:* ''haveriara | :* ''haveriara dormitu''; | ||
:* ''haveriara | :* ''haveriara venutu''. | ||
====Future==== | ====Future==== | ||
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* '''Active''' | * '''Active''' | ||
:* ''havrô | :* ''havrô þagcatu''; | ||
:* ''sarais | :* ''sarais holotu''. | ||
* '''Passive''' | * '''Passive''' | ||
:* ''havrâra | :* ''havrâra þagcatu''; | ||
:* ''havrâsa | :* ''havrâsa holotu''. | ||
====Imperative==== | ====Imperative==== | ||
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:* Verbs in ''-ere'' and -ire form the present participle by adding ''-ente'' to the stem; | :* Verbs in ''-ere'' and -ire form the present participle by adding ''-ente'' to the stem; | ||
:* Verbs in ''-ore'' form the present participle by adding ''-onte'' to the stem. | :* Verbs in ''-ore'' form the present participle by adding ''-onte'' to the stem. | ||
* The '''gerund''' is the adverbial form of the present participle, and has a very broad use. For example: '' | * The '''gerund''' is the adverbial form of the present participle, and has a very broad use. For example: ''rogiandu'' can translate to “talking, while talking, by talking, because of one’s talking, through talking…”: | ||
:* The gerund is identical to the present participle, but with final ''-te'' replaced by | :* The gerund is identical to the present participle, but with final ''-te'' replaced by ''-du''; | ||
:* Keep in mind that the gerund is an adverb, not an adjective, and so it does not agree in gender and number. The ending is always ''- | :* Keep in mind that the gerund is an adverb, not an adjective, and so it does not agree in gender and number. The ending is always ''-u''. | ||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||