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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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==Dialectology== | ==Dialectology== | ||
[[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]] | [[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]] | ||
Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area | Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Ravennese Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area. | ||
===Upper Luthic=== | ===Upper Luthic=== | ||
A major dialect is found nearby Ferrara, who was first mentioned when it was conquered by Germanic tribe the Lombards in 753 CE, and the Byzantine Empire lost its rule over the city. It was gifted to the [[w:Holy See|Holy See]] by the Franks in either 754 or 756 CE, and was led by the Bishops of Ravenna. Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries started reclaiming Podeltan lands in the 9th century. This contact with West Germanic languages, and the lesser presence of East Germanic influence (unlike Ravenna) modelled some sound changes in discrepancy when compared to Standard Ravennese Luthic. This dialect is often called '''Ferraresi Luthic''' (''Lûthica Estense'') or '''Upper Luthic''' (''Altalûthica''). | |||
* '''Thorn fortition:''' /θ/ and /ð/ are fortified to /t/ and /d/ in every position: | * '''Bilabial and labiodental merging:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɸ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/β/]] are merged with [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/f/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/v/]], a common feature among Luthic dialects. | ||
:* ''þû'' [ˈθu] > ''tû'' [tu]; | |||
:* ''faðar'' [ˈfa.ðɐr] > ''fadar'' [fɐ.dɐɾ] | * '''Thorn fortition:''' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/θ/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ð/]] are fortified to [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/t/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|/d/]] in every position: | ||
:* ''þû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] > ''tû'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[tu]]]; | |||
:* ''faðar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfa.ðɐr]]] > ''fadar'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[fɐ.dɐɾ]]] | |||
* '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ae /ɛ/ > ai /ɐj/, au /ɔ/ > au /aw/, ei /i/ > ei /ɐj/: | * '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ae /ɛ/ > ai /ɐj/, au /ɔ/ > au /aw/, ei /i/ > ei /ɐj/: | ||
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{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
<poem style="font-style: italic"> | <poem style="font-style: italic"> | ||
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic''' | * '''Orthographic version in Standard Ravennese Luthic''' | ||
Faðar unsar, þû hemeno, | Faðar unsar, þû hemeno, | ||
Veiða lata namno þeino; | Veiða lata namno þeino; | ||
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{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
* '''Standard Luthic narrow transcription''' | * '''Standard Ravennese Luthic narrow transcription''' | ||
[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈme.no | [ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈme.no | ||
ˈvi.ðɐ lɐ.θɐ ˈnam.no ˈθi.no | ˈvi.ðɐ lɐ.θɐ ˈnam.no ˈθi.no | ||
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Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body: | Although general grammar remains very similar, prepositions become more frequent due to a lack of cases. Some sociolects may also lack the neuter gender, fully merging it with the masculine or the feminine (via the plural form). There are also many [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolects]] influenced by regional languages, such as the Lutho-Emilian ethnolect, who has its grammar and vocabulary largely affected and influenced by the [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian dialects]]. The orthography may also be affected, since Upper Luthic lacks a regulatory body: | ||
* ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for /ʒ/: Standard Luthic ''giâ'' [ˈd͡ʒa], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [ʒɐ]; | * ⟨gi⟩ or ⟨j⟩ for /ʒ/: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''giâ'' [ˈd͡ʒa], Upper Luthic ''gia'' or ''ja'' [ʒɐ]; | ||
* ⟨gl⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for /ʎ/: Standard Luthic ''gli'' [ʎi], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [ʎi]; | * ⟨gl⟩ or ⟨lh⟩ for /ʎ/: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''gli'' [ʎi], Upper Luthic ''gli'' or ''lhi'' [ʎi]; | ||
* ⟨gn⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for /ɲ/: Standard Luthic ''signore'' [siɲˈɲo.re], Upper Luthic ''signor'' or ''sinhor'' [si.ɲoɾ]; | * ⟨gn⟩ or ⟨nh⟩ for /ɲ/: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''signore'' [siɲˈɲo.re], Upper Luthic ''signor'' or ''sinhor'' [si.ɲoɾ]; | ||
* ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for /y/: Standard Luthic ''niu'' [nju], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü'' [ny]; | * ⟨eu⟩, ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ for /y/: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''niu'' [nju], Upper Luthic ''neu'', ''ny'' or ''nü'' [ny]; | ||
* Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Luthic ''ac'' [ɐx], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [ɐk]; Standard Luthic ''garda'' [ˈɡar.dɐ], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [ɡɐɾt]. | * Disagreement on voiceless terminal consonant spelling: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [ɐx], Upper Luthic ''ac'' or ''ag'' [ɐk]; Standard Ravennese Luthic ''garda'' [ˈɡar.dɐ], Upper Luthic ''gart'' or ''gard'' [ɡɐɾt]. | ||
Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics: | Another problem with Upper Luthic lacking a regulatory body is the lack of official statistics: | ||
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====Standard Bolognese Luthic phonology==== | ====Standard Bolognese Luthic phonology==== | ||
Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic | Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic, itself being very similar to the phonology of Emilian Bolognese dialects. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||