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Antarctican/Nouns: Difference between revisions
Minituarised Phonation Marks in IPA
(Minituarised Phonation Marks in IPA) |
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For nouns where the vowel of the last syllable has breathy or tense voice, the situation is more complicated. They all take ergative suffixes of the form C V ɴ, where C is a consonant and V is a vowel. V is almost always /i/, except after /t/ or /d/, when it is /u/. However it is not possible to predict C, as shown by the examples below: | For nouns where the vowel of the last syllable has breathy or tense voice, the situation is more complicated. They all take ergative suffixes of the form C V ɴ, where C is a consonant and V is a vowel. V is almost always /i/, except after /t/ or /d/, when it is /u/. However it is not possible to predict C, as shown by the examples below: | ||
*teyláae /teilɛ&# | *teyláae /teilɛˤː/ - shirt, absolutive | ||
*teyláaesin /teilɛ&# | *teyláaesin /teilɛˤːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative | ||
*péy /pei&# | *péy /peiˤ/ - book, absolutive | ||
*péykin /pei&# | *péykin /peiˤkiɴ/ - book, ergative | ||
*`kùe /kɨ&# | *`kùe /ʱkɨʱ/ - goods, absolutive | ||
*`kùezin /kɨ&# | *`kùezin /ʱkɨʱziɴ/ - goods, ergative | ||
*`ròe /ʁɘ&# | *`ròe /ʱʁɘʱ/ - red object, absolutive | ||
*`ròedun /ʁɘ&# | *`ròedun /ʱʁɘʱduɴ/ – red object, ergative | ||
*'ków /kou&# | *'ków /ˤkouˤ/ - cup, absolutive | ||
*'kówpin */kou&# | *'kówpin */ˤkouˤpiɴ/ - cup, ergative | ||
*péylánkáe /pei&# | *péylánkáe /peiˤlaɴˤkɛˤ/ - blanket, absolutive | ||
*péylánkáetun /pei&# | *péylánkáetun /peiˤlaɴˤkɛˤtuɴ/ - blanket, ergative | ||
*wùerù /wɨ&# | *wùerù /wɨʱʁuʱ/- frog, absolutive | ||
*wùerùgin /wɨ&# | *wùerùgin /wɨʱʁuʱgiɴ/ - frog, ergative | ||
While it may seem that the consonant inserted before the –in (or –un) suffix is random, there are some patterns. Firstly, the inserted consonant is always an obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative), and never a sonorant (nasal or approximant). Secondly, observe that, when the final vowel of the absolutive stem has tense voice, the inserted consonant is always voiceless, while if the final vowel of the absolutive stem has breathy voice, the inserted consonant is always voiced. These two rules hold across the language. | While it may seem that the consonant inserted before the –in (or –un) suffix is random, there are some patterns. Firstly, the inserted consonant is always an obstruent (oral stop, affricate or fricative), and never a sonorant (nasal or approximant). Secondly, observe that, when the final vowel of the absolutive stem has tense voice, the inserted consonant is always voiceless, while if the final vowel of the absolutive stem has breathy voice, the inserted consonant is always voiced. These two rules hold across the language. | ||
Also, for readers with knowledge of whatever language Antarctican borrowed the particular noun stem from, note that the “inserted” consonant almost perfectly corresponds with the consonant at the end of the word e.g. the word for “frog”, (''wùerù'' /wɨ&# | Also, for readers with knowledge of whatever language Antarctican borrowed the particular noun stem from, note that the “inserted” consonant almost perfectly corresponds with the consonant at the end of the word e.g. the word for “frog”, (''wùerù'' /wɨʱʁuʱ/ in the absolutive case), is in fact descended from the English word “frog”. However, Antarctican does not like final consonants, so the final “g” was lost in the absolutive form. However in the ergative form, there is another vowel following the “g”, so it “reappears”, and the ergative form of the word is ''wùerùgin'' /wɨʱʁuʱgiɴ/. A similar story happens with the “t” in the word for “blanket”, which is also derived from English. | ||
====Stem changes==== | ====Stem changes==== | ||
However, for some of the nouns with breathy or tense voice on the final vowel of the absolutive stem, there are changes in the stem when they take the ergative suffix. These involve a change in vowel phonation to modal voice, and often a change in vowel quality (as given by the table in the phonology section). e.g. | However, for some of the nouns with breathy or tense voice on the final vowel of the absolutive stem, there are changes in the stem when they take the ergative suffix. These involve a change in vowel phonation to modal voice, and often a change in vowel quality (as given by the table in the phonology section). e.g. | ||
'tùen /tɨɴ&# | 'tùen /tɨɴʱ/- wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive | ||
'tin-gin /tiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative (not *tùen-gin) | 'tin-gin /tiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative (not *tùen-gin) | ||
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voicing as the final vowel, then they both change e.g. | voicing as the final vowel, then they both change e.g. | ||
ùylòen /ʔui&# | ùylòen /ʔuiʱlɘɴʱ/ - island, absolutive | ||
oylendun | oylendun | ||
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tùròoen | tùròoen | ||
/tu&# | /tuʱʁɘːɴʱ/ - fashionable items, absolutive | ||
toreendun | toreendun | ||
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ámáeráy /ʔa&# | ámáeráy /ʔaˤmɛˤʁaiˤ/ - prey, absolutive | ||
ameraeykin /ʔameʁɛikiɴ/ - prey, ergative | ameraeykin /ʔameʁɛikiɴ/ - prey, ergative | ||
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syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g. | syllable undergo vowel changes in the stem e.g. | ||
'táen /tɛɴ&# | 'táen /tɛɴˤ/ - weather, absolutive | ||
'toenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | 'toenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | ||
kàao /kɜ&# | kàao /kɜʱː/ - membership card, absolutive | ||
kaadun /kaːduɴ/ - membership card, ergative | kaadun /kaːduɴ/ - membership card, ergative | ||
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vowel, some undergo vowel changes e.g. | vowel, some undergo vowel changes e.g. | ||
ùenào /&# | ùenào /ˤɨʱnɜʱ/ - eel, absolutive | ||
inajin /&# | inajin /ˤinaɟiɴ/ - eel, ergative | ||
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`kùe /kɨ&# | `kùe /ʱkɨʱ/ - goods, absolutive | ||
`kùezin /kɨ&# | `kùezin /ʱkɨʱziɴ/ - goods, ergative | ||
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'ká /ka&# | 'ká /ˤkaˤ/ - fence, absolutive | ||
kaechin /kɛciɴ/ - fence, ergative | kaechin /kɛciɴ/ - fence, ergative | ||
ká /ka&# | ká /kaˤ/ - coconut milk, absolutive | ||
kátlin /katɬiɴ/ coconut milk, ergative | kátlin /katɬiɴ/ coconut milk, ergative | ||
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`pùelùe /pɨ&# | `pùelùe /ʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - bridge, absolutive | ||
bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative | bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative | ||
`pàoy /pɜi&# | `pàoy /ʱpɜiʱ/ - baby, absolutive | ||
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | ||
`nyùewsùeylòen /ɲɨu&# | `nyùewsùeylòen /ʱɲɨuʱsɨʱiʱlɘɴʱ/ - New Zealand, absolutive | ||
nyuuziilendun /ɲuːziːleɴduɴ/ - New Zealand, ergative | nyuuziilendun /ɲuːziːleɴduɴ/ - New Zealand, ergative | ||
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yéysitléynyéy /jei&# | yéysitléynyéy /jeiˤsitɬeiˤɲeiˤ/ - mutton, absolutive | ||
yéysidlinyuekin /jei&# | yéysidlinyuekin /jeiˤsidɮiɲɨkiɴ/ - mutton, ergative | ||
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támá /ta&# | támá /taˤmaˤ/- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive | ||
damaesin /damɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative | damaesin /damɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative | ||
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aetenàolùn /ʔɛtenɜ&# | aetenàolùn /ʔɛtenɜʱluɴʱ/ - heart, absolutive | ||
aetoetnalonzin /ʔɛtɘtnaloɴziɴ/ - heart, ergative | aetoetnalonzin /ʔɛtɘtnaloɴziɴ/ - heart, ergative | ||
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'kqów | 'kqów | ||
/kʼou&# | /ˤkʼouˤ/ - a small amount, absolutive | ||
'kuhlin /kuɬiɴ/ - a small amount, ergative | 'kuhlin /ˤkuɬiɴ/ - a small amount, ergative | ||
ráetqówléykuetu /ʁɛ&# | ráetqówléykuetu /ʁɛˤtʼoleiˤkɨtu/ - something self-limiting, absolutive | ||
ráetoluekuetu /ʁɛ&# | ráetoluekuetu /ʁɛˤtolɨkɨtu/ something self-limiting, ergative | ||
'kéychqéy /kei&# | 'kéychqéy /ˤkeiˤcʼeiˤ/ - a female name, absolutive | ||
'kéychuekin /kei&# | 'kéychuekin /ˤkeiˤcɨkiɴ/ - a female name, ergative | ||
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'tùen / | 'tùen /ˤtɨɴʱ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), absolutive | ||
'tin-gin / | 'tin-gin /ˤtiɴgiɴ/ - wound caused by a sting (e.g. a bee or a jellyfish), ergative | ||
'tin-gi-u / | 'tin-gi-u /ˤtiɴgiˤu/ - wound caused by a sting, comitative | ||
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/teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative | /teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative | ||
teyláaesi-u /teilɛʔːsi&# | teyláaesi-u /teilɛʔːsiˤu/ - shirt, comitative | ||
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péykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative | péykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative | ||
péyki-u /peiʔki&# | péyki-u /peiʔkiˤu/ - book, comitative | ||
`kùe /kɨ&# | `kùe /ʱkɨʱ/ - goods, absolutive | ||
`kùezin /kɨ&# | `kùezin /ʱkɨʱziɴ/ - goods, ergative | ||
`kùezi-u /kɨ&# | `kùezi-u /ʱkɨʱziʔu/ - goods, comitative | ||
`ròe /ʁɘ&# | `ròe /ʱʁɘʱ/ - red object, absolutive | ||
`ròedun /ʁɘ&# | `ròedun /ʱʁɘʱduɴ/ – red object, ergative | ||
`ròedu-u /ʁɘ&# | `ròedu-u /ʱʁɘʱduʔu/ – red object, comitative | ||
'ków /kou&# | 'ków /ˤkouˤ/ - cup, absolutive | ||
'kówpin /kou&# | 'kówpin /ˤkouˤpiɴ/ - cup, ergative | ||
'kówpi-u /kou&# | 'kówpi-u /ˤkouˤpiʔu/ - cup, comitative | ||
péyláenkáe /pei&# | péyláenkáe /peiˤlɛɴˤkɛˤ/ - blanket, absolutive | ||
péyláenkáetun /pei&# | péyláenkáetun /peiˤlɛɴˤkɛˤtuɴ/ - blanket, comitative | ||
péyláenkáetu-u /pei&# | péyláenkáetu-u /peiˤlɛɴˤkɛˤtuʔu/ - blanket, ergative | ||
wùerù /wɨ&# | wùerù /wɨʱʁuʱ/ - frog, absolutive | ||
wùerùgin /wɨ&# | wùerùgin /wɨʱʁuʱgiɴ/ - frog, ergative | ||
wùerùgiqu /wɨ&# | wùerùgiqu /wɨʱʁuʱgiʔu/ - frog, comitative | ||
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So, in the absolutive | So, in the absolutive | ||
case, “my frog” or “our frog” (not including you) would be myiwùerù /mʲiwɨ&# | case, “my frog” or “our frog” (not including you) would be myiwùerù /mʲiwɨʱʁuʱ/, “your frog” would be tiwùerù /tiwɨʱʁuʱ/ etc. | ||
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`pùelùe /pɨ&# | `pùelùe /ʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - bridge, absolutive | ||
`myùepùelùe /mʲɨ&# | `myùepùelùe /ʱmʲɨʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - my bridge, absolutive (not *myipùelùe) | ||
tùepùelùe /tɨ&# | tùepùelùe /tɨʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe) | ||
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`pùelùe /pɨ&# | `pùelùe /ʱpɨʱlɨʱ/- bridge, absolutive | ||
bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative | bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative | ||
`myùepùelùe /mʲɨ&# | `myùepùelùe /ʱmʲɨʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - my bridge, absolutive | ||
myibilidlin /mʲibilidɮiɴ/ - my bridge, ergative | myibilidlin /mʲibilidɮiɴ/ - my bridge, ergative | ||
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'kqów | 'kqów | ||
/kʼou&# | /ˤkʼouˤ/ - a small amount, absolutive | ||
'kuhlin /kuɬiɴ/ - a small amount, ergative | 'kuhlin /kuɬiɴ/ - a small amount, ergative | ||
myéykuhlin /mʲei&# | 'myéykuhlin /mʲeiˤkuɬiɴ/ - my small amount, ergative | ||
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`byùe /bʲɨ&# | `byùe /ʱbʲɨʱ/ - mouth, absolutive | ||
`byijin /bʲiɟiɴ/ - mouth, ergative | `byijin /ʱbʲiɟiɴ/ - mouth, ergative | ||
myùebyùe /mʲɨ&# | `myùebyùe /ʱmʲɨʱbʲɨʱ/ - my mouth, absolutive | ||
`myùebyijin /mʲɨ&# | `myùebyijin /ʱmʲɨʱbʲiɟiɴ/ - my mouth, ergative | ||
=====Prediction of Floating Phonation===== | =====Prediction of Floating Phonation===== | ||
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màao /mɜ&# | màao /mɜʱː/ - betel nut, absolutive | ||
pmaagin /pmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut, ergative | pmaagin /pmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut, ergative | ||
myimàao /mʲimɜ&# | myimàao /mʲimɜʱː/ - my betel nut, absolutive | ||
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'máláeyáae /ma&# | 'máláeyáae /ˤmaˤlɛˤjɛːˤ/ - manners, absolutive | ||
maleyooetun /malejɘːtuɴ/ - manners, ergative | maleyooetun /malejɘːtuɴ/ - manners, ergative | ||
'myéymáláeyáae /mʲei&# | 'myéymáláeyáae /ˤmʲeiˤmaˤlɛˤjɛːˤ/ - my manners, absolutive | ||
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e.g. | e.g. | ||
sásaechin /sa&# | sásaechin /saˤsɛciɴ/ - stab wound, absolutive | ||
myisásaechin /mʲisa&# | myisásaechin /mʲisaˤsaɛciɴ/ - my stab wound, absolutive | ||
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`sàomùe /sɜ&# | `sàomùe /ʱsɜʱmɨʱ/ - (major) wife, absolutive | ||
zamibyin /zamibʲiɴ/ - (major) wife, ergative | zamibyin /zamibʲiɴ/ - (major) wife, ergative | ||
`myùesàomùe /mʲɨ&# | `myùesàomùe /ʱmʲɨʱsɜʱmɨʱ/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisàomùe) | ||
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sàopyùe /sɜ&# | sàopyùe /sɜʱpʲɨʱ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive | ||
sabyishin /sabʲiçiɴ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative | sabyishin /sabʲiçiɴ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative | ||
myisàopyùe /mʲisɜ&# | myisàopyùe /mʲisɜʱpʲɨʱ/ - my speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive | ||
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'táen /tɛɴ&# | 'táen /tɛɴˤ/ - weather, absolutive | ||
toenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | toenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | ||
'myéytáen /mʲei&# | 'myéytáen /ˤmʲeiˤtɛɴˤ/ - my weather, absolutive | ||
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támá /ta&# | támá /taˤmaˤ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive | ||
damaesin /damaɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative | damaesin /damaɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative | ||
myitámá /mʲita&# | myitámá /mʲitaˤmaˤ/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive | ||
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`pùelùe /pɨ&# | `pùelùe /ʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - bridge, absolutive | ||
bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative | bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative | ||
`myùepùelùe /mʲɨ&# | `myùepùelùe /ʱmʲɨʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - my bridge, absolutive | ||
`pàoy /pɜi&# | `pàoy /ʱpɜiʱ/- baby, absolutive | ||
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | ||
`myùepàoy /mʲɨ&# | `myùepàoy /ʱmʲɨʱpɜiʱ/ - my baby, absolutive | ||
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pàoy /pɜi&# | pàoy /pɜiʱ/ - page, absolutive | ||
paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, ergative | paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, ergative | ||
myipàoy /mʲipɜi&# | myipàoy /mʲipɜiʱ/ - my page, absolutive | ||
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`kùe /kɨ&# | `kùe /ʱkɨʱ/ - goods, absolutive | ||
`myùengùe /mʲɨ&# | `myùengùe /ʱmʲɨʱŋɨʱ/ - my goods, absolutive | ||
'kéyváy /kei&# | 'kéyváy /ˤkeiˤɥaiˤ/ - tongue, absolutive | ||
'myéyngéyváy /mʲei&# | 'myéyngéyváy /ˤmʲeiˤŋeiˤɥaiˤ/ - my tongue, absolutive | ||
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`kùeràotùu /kɨ&# | `kùeràotùu /ʱkɨʱʁɜʱtuʱː/ - bone, absolutive | ||
yini /jini/ - dog, absolutive | yini /jini/ - dog, absolutive | ||
`wòeykùeràotùu yini /wɘi&# | `wòeykùeràotùu yini /ʱwɘiʱkɨʱʁɜʱtuʱː jini/ - the | ||
dog’s bone, absolutive, alienable (i.e. the one that it eats, buries etc.) | dog’s bone, absolutive, alienable (i.e. the one that it eats, buries etc.) | ||
`nùkùeràotùu yini /nu&# | `nùkùeràotùu yini /ʱnuʱkɨʱʁɜʱtuʱː jini/ - the dog’s bone, | ||
absolutive, inalienable (i.e. the one that is a part of it) | absolutive, inalienable (i.e. the one that is a part of it) | ||
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'kówntátu /kouɴ&# | 'kówntátu /kouɴˤtaˤtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive | ||
'kókówntátu /ko&# | 'kókówntátu /koˤkouɴˤtaˤtu/– acquaintances (of each other), absolutive | ||
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sátozii /sa&# | sátozii /saˤtoziː/ – enemy, absolutive | ||
myisátozii /mʲisa&# | myisátozii /mʲisaˤtoziː/ – my enemy, absolutive | ||
sasátozii /sasa&# | sasátozii /sasaˤtoziː/ - enemies (of each other), absolutive | ||
`rùy /ʁui&# | `rùy /ʱʁuiʱ/- rival, absolutive | ||
`myùerùy /mʲɨ&# | `myùerùy /ʱmʲɨʱʁuiʱ/ - my rival, absolutive | ||
`rùrùy /ʁu&# | `rùrùy /ʱʁuʱʁuiʱ/ - rivals (of each other), absolutive | ||
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wùeròen /wɨ&# | wùeròen /wɨʱʀɘɴʱ/ - friend, absolutive | ||
fiwùeròen /fiwɨ&# | fiwùeròen /fiwɨʱʀɘɴʱ/ - friends (of each other), absolutive | ||
These arise from when the first vowel has breathy or tense voice, but the first consonant is underlyingly a voiced obstruent or a prestopped nasal. These can only occur before modally voiced vowels, and are thus modified before the vowel with breathy or tense voice. But if word has floating modal phonation, then the vowel there will have modal voice and the underlying consonant will surface there. | These arise from when the first vowel has breathy or tense voice, but the first consonant is underlyingly a voiced obstruent or a prestopped nasal. These can only occur before modally voiced vowels, and are thus modified before the vowel with breathy or tense voice. But if word has floating modal phonation, then the vowel there will have modal voice and the underlying consonant will surface there. | ||