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Rówok: Difference between revisions
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Vocative==== | |||
The nominative form of the noun is one of the [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | |||
It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure. | |||
It is used in the following way: | |||
*solely as a pure vocative | |||
The vocative as a stem is also used in many nominal [[#Compounding|compounds]]. | |||
====Nominative/ergative==== | ====Nominative/ergative==== | ||
The nominative form of the noun is one of the [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | |||
It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure. | |||
It is used in the following ways: | |||
*as the subject of an active transitive verb | |||
*as the subject of constructions construed as [[#Copula|copular]] | |||
*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]]) | |||
====Genitive==== | ====Genitive==== | ||
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] | |||
The genetive case has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''jrz''', "seed". | |||
It is used in the following ways: | |||
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive | |||
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns | |||
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb | |||
====Partitive==== | ====Partitive==== | ||
:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] | |||
====Benefactive==== | ====Benefactive==== | ||
The benefactive case has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root ''' | The benefactive case has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift". | ||
It is used in the following ways: | It is used in the following ways: | ||
* | *as the indirect object of a transitive verb, much like a normal Indo-European dative | ||
* | *as a pure benefactive, "on whose behalf" or even "in whose honor" | ||
* | *as the object of [[#Verbs of motion|approprinquative motion]], in the sense of "toward" or "in the general direction of" | ||
* | *as the "object" of some otherwise intransitive, e.g. '''dayma''', "to shine", so whatever the light '''shines on''' | ||
====Telic==== | ====Telic==== | ||
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It is used in the following ways: | It is used in the following ways: | ||
* | *as the subject of an active transitive verb used in the sense of completed action | ||
* | *as the subject of a middle transitive verb in which the subject or subjects are the patient of the action, even if they are also the agent(s) | ||
* | *as the subject of a passive verb | ||
* | *as a reached destination with [[#Verbs of motion|verbs of motion]], or the intended goal of a verb of motion. | ||
====Locatives==== | ====Locatives==== | ||
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It is used in the following way: | It is used in the following way: | ||
* | *as a pure locative | ||
Like the [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' has the semantic '''in''' or '''between''', while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' carries the basic semantic of '''on''' or '''at'''. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]]. | Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' has the semantic '''in''' or '''between''', while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' carries the basic semantic of '''on''' or '''at'''. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]]. | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
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there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas) | there are fleas '''on''' dogs (idiomatically the dogs have fleas) | ||
====Instrumental/comitative==== | ====Instrumental/(a)comitative==== | ||
The instrumental case has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool". | |||
It is used in the following ways: | |||
*as a pure instrumental | |||
*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]] | |||
*as a comitative | |||
Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a caritive or acomitative. | |||
====Similative==== | ====Similative==== | ||
The similative case has the ending '''-um''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity". | |||
It is used in the following way: | |||
*as a pure similative | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||