Haoli/Nouns

Gender

Gender in Haoli pertains to how nouns are declined and gender agreement for articles. Gender of a noun is defined by the vowel of the final syllable.

Neuter	Feminine	Masculine
i, o	e	a, u

Root Form

The definition of the Haoli "root form" is the nominative singular form.

Plural Forms

Regular Plurals

Regular plural formation is used for the majority of words in Haoli and is used for all words who have multiple syllables in their root form. The -c suffix is used for nouns ending in vowels and the -Vc suffix is used for nouns ending in consonants. For the -Vc suffix, the vowel depends on the gender of the noun.

-Vc Vowels:

• Neuter "i"
• Feminine "e"
• Masculine "a"

Examples:
fujak "animal" > fujakec "animals"
arin "star" > arinic "stars"
anat "gift" > anatac "gifts"
aga "eye" > agac "eyes"
eski "cube" > eskic "cubes"

Ablaut Plurals

Ablaut plurals are a much smaller subset of nouns. All ablaut plurals have a single syllable in their root form but not all single syllable root nouns are ablaut plurals.

• o > e
• a > i
• e > ej
• u > aj

Examples:
sar "island" > sir "islands"
ðeg "book" > ðejg "books"
ghoþ "scripture" > gheþ "scriptures"
kuk "place" > kajk "places"

Article Agreement
Note that the gender of the plural form is the same as the root form.

Mass Plurals

Mass plurals are formed by adding the -fen suffix to the root form of the noun.

Examples:
vatas "body of water" -> vatasfen "waters"
tul "wind gust" -> tulfen "wind"

Pronouns

Pronouns
Person	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine
First Person	iani	iane	iana
Second Person	kasi	kase	kasa
Third Person	edi	ede	eda

Cases

Basic Cases

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter		Feminine		Common
			Neuter I	Neuter II	Feminine I	Feminine II	Common I	Common II
Grammatical	Nominative	cat	hao	tor	ðule	kes	eldu	vatas
	Accusative	cat	haōr	toror	ðulēr	keser	eldūr	vatasur
Non-Grammatical	Dative	for/because of the cat	haōs	toros	ðulēs	keses	eldūs	vatasus
	Malefactive	against/opposed to the cat	haomo	tormo	ðuleme	kesme	eldumu	vatasmu
	Adverbial	cattily	haoko	torko	ðuleke	keske	eldku	vatasku
	Vocative	O Cat	haogho	torgho	ðuleghe	kesghe	eldghu	vatasghu
	Contrastive	as compared to the cat	haoto	torto	ðulete	keste	eldtu	vatastu
	Genitive	of cat/about cat/cat's	haōð	toroð	ðulēð	keseð	eldūð	vatasuð

Oblique

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter		Feminine		Common
			Neuter I	Neuter II	Feminine I	Feminine II	Common I	Common II
Oblique	Translative	to being a cat	haotos	tortos	ðuletes	kestes	eldutus	vatastus
	Exessive	from being a cat	haotoso	tortoso	ðuletese	kestese	eldutusu	vatastusu
	Essive	as being a cat/like a cat	haotosso	tortosso	ðuletesse	kestesse	eldutussu	vatastussu
	Instrumental	by use of the cat/with cat	haogho	torgho	ðuleghe	kesghe	eldughu	vatasghu
	Prolative	by way of the cat	haolog	torlog	ðuleleg	kesleg	eldulug	vataslug

Locative

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter		Feminine		Masculine
Internal Locative	Inessive	inside the cat	haōlo	torolo	ðulēle	kesele	eldūlu	vatasulu
	Hyperessive	deep inside the cat	haōllo	torollo	ðulēlle	keselle	eldūllu	vatasullu
	Illative	into the cat	haōno	torono	ðulēne	kesene	eldūnu	vatasunu
	Hyperlative	deep into the cat	haōnno	toronno	ðulēnne	kesenne	eldūnnu	vatasunnu
	Elative	from inside the cat	haōlon	torolon	ðulēlen	keselen	eldūlun	vatasulun
	Hyper-elative	from deep inside the cat	haōllon	torollon	ðulēllen	kesellen	eldūllun	vatasullun
	Supraperlative	throughout the cat	haōpo	toropo	ðulēpe	kesepe	eldūpu	vatasupu
	Hyperlative	all throughout the cat	haōppo	toroppo	ðulēppe	keseppe	eldūppu	vatasuppu
	Perlative	through the cat	haopo	torpo	ðulepe	kespe	eldupu	vataspu
Traversal Locative	Lative	towards the cat, catbound	haofon	torfon	ðulefen	kesfen	eldufun	vatasfun
	Superlative	onto the cat	haojo	torjo	ðuleje	kesje	elduju	vatasju
	Prosecutive	along the cat	haovon	torvon	ðuleven	kesven	elduvun	vatasvun
	Terminative	until the cat (is reached)	haoþo	torþo	ðuleþe	kesþe	elduþu	vatasþu
Exodal Locative	Ablative	away from the cat	haodoþ	tordoþ	ðuledeþ	kesdeþ	elduduþ	vatasduþ
	Antessive	far from the cat	haonho	tornho	ðulenhe	kesnhe	eldunhu	vatasnhu
	Delative	off/down from the cat	haolho	torlho	ðulelhe	keslhe	eldulhu	vataslhu
	Eblative	(sourced) from the cat	haovot	torvot	ðulevet	kesvet	elduvut	vatasvut
Relational Locative	Superessive	on (top of) the cat	haoho	torho	ðulehe	keshe	elduhu	vatashu
	Supraessive	above/over the cat	haonot	tornot	ðulenet	kesnet	eldunut	vatasnut
	Comitative	(together) with the cat	haosot	torsot	ðuleset	kesset	eldusut	vatassut
	Pertingent	touching/adjacent to the cat	haomho	tormho	ðulemhme	kesmhe	eldumhu	vatasmhu
	Apudessive	next to/beside the cat	haoðod	torðod	ðuleðed	kesðed	elduðud	vatasðud
	Enclosive	on either side of the cat	haoþor	torþor	ðuleþer	kesþer	elduþur	vatasþur
	Forbative	in front of the cat	haoþo	torþo	ðuleþe	kesþe	elduþu	vatasþu
	Locative	nearby/not far from the cat	haonoþ	tornoþ	ðuleneþ	kesneþ	eldunuþ	vatasnuþ
	Bative	behind the cat	haovok	torvok	ðulevek	kesvek	elduvuk	vatasvuk
	Transversive	beyond the cat	haovoj	torvoj	ðulevej	kesvej	elduvuj	vatasvuj
	Circumfrentive	surrounded by cat	haojor	torjor	ðulejer	kesjer	eldujur	vatasjur
	Situative	wrapped in cat	haorok	torrok	ðulerek	kesrek	elduruk	vatasruk
	Abessive	without the cat	haolor	torlor	ðuleler	kesler	eldulur	vataslur
	Intrative	between the cat	haocok	torcok	ðulecek	kescek	elducuk	vatascuk
	Subessive	under the cat	haolom	torlom	ðulelem	keslem	eldulum	vataslum

Temporal

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter		Feminine		Masculine
Temporal	Temporal	at the time of the cat	haobo	torbo	ðulebe	kesbe	eldubu	vatasbu
	Temporal-Lative	since the time of the cat	haobon	torbon	ðuleben	kesben	eldubun	vatasbun
	Temporal-Hyper-Transversive	long after the time of the cat	haoboj	torboj	ðulebej	kesbej	eldubuj	vatasbuj
	Temporal-Terminative	up until the time of the cat	haobot	torbot	ðulebet	kesbet	eldubut	vatasbut
	Temporal-Hyperbative	long before the time of the cat	haobor	torbor	ðuleber	kesber	eldubur	vatasbur