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:[[Roshterian/Swadesh list]]
:[[Roshterian/Swadesh list]]
:[[Roshterian/Lexicon]]
:[[Roshterian/Lexicon]]
:[[Roshterian/Oṟbiros̱ṯer|Funcuma di oṟbiros̱ṯer (This page in Roshterian)]]
:[[Roshterian/Oṟbiroxṯer|Funcuma di oṟbiroxṯer (This page in Roshterian)]]
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
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|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''oṟbiros̱ṯer''
|nativename = ''oṟbiroxṯer''
|pronunciation=  /ɔɻbɪɾɔʂˈʈɛɾ/
|pronunciation=  /ɔɻbɪɾɔʂˈʈɛɾ/
|region = Northeast Etalocin
|region = Northeast Etalocin
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'''Roshterian''' /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (native name: ''oṟbiros̱ṯer'' /ɔɻbɪɾɔʂˈʈɛɾ/ 'The Roshterian language') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by P-Celtic (particularly Welsh). It is intended to be a polysynthetic language with a pseudo-European aesthetic. Roshterian is an official language of Roshteria (''Qaaros̱ṯer'') and is the native language of 5.1 million people, most of which live in Roshteria. Among Etalocians, it is famous for its grammar: it is a head-initial, polysynthetic language with a complex agglutinating verb morphology that uses polypersonal agreement, evidentials, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.
'''Roshterian''' /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (native name: ''oṟbiroxṯer'' /ɔɻbɪɾɔʂˈʈɛɾ/ 'The Roshterian language') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by P-Celtic (particularly Welsh). It is intended to be a polysynthetic language with a pseudo-European aesthetic. Roshterian is an official language of Roshteria (''Qaaroxṯer'') and is the native language of 5.1 million people, most of which live in Roshteria. Among Etalocians, it is famous for its grammar: it is a head-initial, polysynthetic language with a complex agglutinating verb morphology that uses polypersonal agreement, evidentials, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.


==History==
==History==
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:''I would like to speak Roshterian; alas, I cannot.''
:''I would like to speak Roshterian; alas, I cannot.''


(In modern Roshterian orthography: ''Bys oṟbiros̱ṯerimytaicyn, boorimituperen.'' 'gladly-language-Roshterian-speak-1SG but-EVID.DIR-NEG-do-can-1SG')
(In modern Roshterian orthography: ''Bys oṟbiroxṯerimytaicyn, boorimituperen.'' 'gladly-language-Roshterian-speak-1SG but-EVID.DIR-NEG-do-can-1SG')


This sentence was likely written by a non-native speaker of Roshterian, seeing by the fact that he/she omitted evidentials, which would be required in the second clause.
This sentence was likely written by a non-native speaker of Roshterian, seeing by the fact that he/she omitted evidentials, which would be required in the second clause.
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*{{recon|''kʷ, gʷ''}} > Rosh. ''p, b''; Thn. ''c, g''
*{{recon|''kʷ, gʷ''}} > Rosh. ''p, b''; Thn. ''c, g''
*{{recon|''q, ʁ''}} > Rosh. ''q, ḡ''; Thn. ''ȝ, ħ''
*{{recon|''q, ʁ''}} > Rosh. ''q, ḡ''; Thn. ''ȝ, ħ''
*{{recon|''qʷ, ʁʷ''}} > Rosh. ''s̱, ṟ''; Thn. ''c, g'' or ''-ȝ, -ħ''
*{{recon|''qʷ, ʁʷ''}} > Rosh. ''x, ṟ''; Thn. ''c, g'' or ''-ȝ, -ħ''


==Todo==
==Todo==
Affix fusion rules -- just say the morphemes fast and see what happens
Affix fusion rules -- just say the morphemes fast and see what happens
*''Tiis̱i'' = a female name
*''Tiixi'' = a female name
*''Ḻuba'' = A male name
*''Ḻuba'' = A male name
*In prefixes, ni- > i- (important!)
*In prefixes, ni- > i- (important!)
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| '''s''' /s̪/
| '''s''' /s̪/
|  
|  
| '''s̱''' /ʂ/
| '''x''' /ʂ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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**Some dialects may have /ʈɻ ɖɻ/ for /ʈr ɖr/.
**Some dialects may have /ʈɻ ɖɻ/ for /ʈr ɖr/.
**Some dialects always use [Cɭ] or [Cɻ] for /Cr/.
**Some dialects always use [Cɭ] or [Cɻ] for /Cr/.
*Not allowed initially: /mp nt ɳʈ ŋk ɴq mb nd ɳɖ ŋg ɴʁ ns ɳʂ lp lt ɭʈ lk ɭq lb ld ɭɖ lg ɭʁ rp rt ɻʈ rk rq rb rd ɻɖ rg rʁ rm rn ɻb ɻg ɻm ɻɳ sp st ʂʈ sk ʂq/ {{angbr|''mp nt ṉṯ nc nq mb nd ṉḏ ng nḡ ns ṉs̱ lp lt ḻṯ lc ḻq lb ld ḻḏ lg ḻḡ rp rt ṟṯ rc rq rb rd ṟḏ rg rḡ rm rn ṟb ṟg ṟm ṟṉ sp st s̱ṯ sc s̱q''}}
*Not allowed initially: /mp nt ɳʈ ŋk ɴq mb nd ɳɖ ŋg ɴʁ ns ɳʂ lp lt ɭʈ lk ɭq lb ld ɭɖ lg ɭʁ rp rt ɻʈ rk rq rb rd ɻɖ rg rʁ rm rn ɻb ɻg ɻm ɻɳ sp st ʂʈ sk ʂq/ {{angbr|''mp nt ṉṯ nc nq mb nd ṉḏ ng nḡ ns ṉx lp lt ḻṯ lc ḻq lb ld ḻḏ lg ḻḡ rp rt ṟṯ rc rq rb rd ṟḏ rg rḡ rm rn ṟb ṟg ṟm ṟṉ sp st xṯ sc xq''}}
====Sandhi====
====Sandhi====


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|-
|-
!|Name
!|Name
|''do''||''ḏo''||''re''||''ṟe''||''mi''||''fa''||''sol''||''s̱ol''||''la''||''ḻa''||''ti''||''ṯi''||''go''||''ḡo''||''pe''||''nar''||''ṉar''||''wi''||''ba''||''ce''||''qe''||''ha''||''i''||''e''||''y''||''a''||''o''||''u''
|''do''||''ḏo''||''re''||''ṟe''||''mi''||''fa''||''sol''||''xol''||''la''||''ḻa''||''ti''||''ṯi''||''go''||''ḡo''||''pe''||''nar''||''ṉar''||''wi''||''ba''||''ce''||''qe''||''ha''||''i''||''e''||''y''||''a''||''o''||''u''
|-
|-
!|Transliteration
!|Transliteration
|d||ḏ||r||ṟ||m||f||s||s̱||l||ḻ||t||ṯ||g||ḡ||p||n||ṉ||w||b||c||q||h||i||e||y||a||o||u
|d||ḏ||r||ṟ||m||f||s||x||l||ḻ||t||ṯ||g||ḡ||p||n||ṉ||w||b||c||q||h||i||e||y||a||o||u
|}
|}


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*gl-, gr- > l, r
*gl-, gr- > l, r
*{{recon|ā}} > ''ia'' ({{recon|nā}} > ''nia'' 'I'); {{recon|ō}} > ''ua''; {{recon|au}} > ''oo''; {{recon|ou}} > ''uu''; {{recon|ū}} > ''ii''
*{{recon|ā}} > ''ia'' ({{recon|nā}} > ''nia'' 'I'); {{recon|ō}} > ''ua''; {{recon|au}} > ''oo''; {{recon|ou}} > ''uu''; {{recon|ū}} > ''ii''
*{{recon|qʷ}} > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > ''s̱''; {{recon|ʁʷ}} > /ζ/ > ''ṟ''
*{{recon|qʷ}} > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > ''x''; {{recon|ʁʷ}} > /ζ/ > ''ṟ''
**''ʁʷelinə'' ("6 parts [of 12]") > ''ṟelin'' 'half'
**''ʁʷelinə'' ("6 parts [of 12]") > ''ṟelin'' 'half'
**''gʷaθwā'' > ''bati'' 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. ''gaθvā'' 'throat (also language)'
**''gʷaθwā'' > ''bati'' 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. ''gaθvā'' 'throat (also language)'
*{{recon|sl-, sm-, sn-}} > ''ḻ-, f-, ṉ-''
*{{recon|sl-, sm-, sn-}} > ''ḻ-, f-, ṉ-''
*{{recon|sɸ-, sr-, sw-}} > ''s̱-, ṟ-, s̱-''
*{{recon|sɸ-, sr-, sw-}} > ''x-, ṟ-, x-''
*{{recon|st, sk, skʷ, sq}} > ''ṯ-/sṯ, t-/st-, f, q-/s̱q''  
*{{recon|st, sk, skʷ, sq}} > ''ṯ-/sṯ, t-/st-, f, q-/xq''  
**''stuφs'' 'fire' > ''ṯuu''
**''stuφs'' 'fire' > ''ṯuu''
**''stas-'' > ''ṯetsil'' 'gathering' (~ Thn. ''Stasnyssōs'' > Tíogall ''Stánsa'', Clofabosin ''stannsin'' 'a holiday')
**''stas-'' > ''ṯetsil'' 'gathering' (~ Thn. ''Stasnyssōs'' > Tíogall ''Stánsa'', Clofabosin ''stannsin'' 'a holiday')
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*{{recon|ks, qs}} > /js, ːʂ/  
*{{recon|ks, qs}} > /js, ːʂ/  
*{{recon|kn, gn, kʷn, gʷn, qn, ql, qr}} > /jn, jn, m, m, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
*{{recon|kn, gn, kʷn, gʷn, qn, ql, qr}} > /jn, jn, m, m, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
**''sφugnus'' > ''s̱uun''  'root' ~ Thn. ''sφugnus''
**''sφugnus'' > ''xuun''  'root' ~ Thn. ''sφugnus''
**''leqnos'' > ''leeṉ'' 'river' ~ Thn. ''leānos''?
**''leqnos'' > ''leeṉ'' 'river' ~ Thn. ''leānos''?
**''qrīdis'' > ''ṟiid'' 'knife' ~ Thn. ''ȝrīdis'' 'edge'
**''qrīdis'' > ''ṟiid'' 'knife' ~ Thn. ''ȝrīdis'' 'edge'
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*{{recon|φ-}} > ''∅-''
*{{recon|φ-}} > ''∅-''
*Initial short vowels drop
*Initial short vowels drop
*{{recon|skj, stj}} > ''ṯ-/s̱ṯ, s-/ːs''
*{{recon|skj, stj}} > ''ṯ-/xṯ, s-/ːs''
*final short vowels lost; final ''-m, -r, -s, -t'' lost; final long vowels shorten (''ia, ua'' > ''i, u'')
*final short vowels lost; final ''-m, -r, -s, -t'' lost; final long vowels shorten (''ia, ua'' > ''i, u'')
*''i''-affection: The following changes affect V1 in sequences of the form V1 + consonant cluster + ultimate (*i/*ī/*j) unless the consonant cluster after V1 contains a retroflex consonant.
*''i''-affection: The following changes affect V1 in sequences of the form V1 + consonant cluster + ultimate (*i/*ī/*j) unless the consonant cluster after V1 contains a retroflex consonant.
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All verb stems have a ''combining form'', also called the ''incorporating form'', which is used in the presence of an object marker, negative prefix or an ''incorporandum'' (incorporated object). Any noun stem can be incorporated, including proper nouns.
All verb stems have a ''combining form'', also called the ''incorporating form'', which is used in the presence of an object marker, negative prefix or an ''incorporandum'' (incorporated object). Any noun stem can be incorporated, including proper nouns.


''hootiis̱yn'' 'eat fruit' < ''hooti'' 'fruit' + ''caasyn'' 'eat'
''hootiixyn'' 'eat fruit' < ''hooti'' 'fruit' + ''caasyn'' 'eat'


====Verb template====
====Verb template====
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*''-peren'': 'I can/I'm able to'
*''-peren'': 'I can/I'm able to'
*''-ṯysin'': 'I may/I have permission to' (negated: 'I must not')
*''-ṯysin'': 'I may/I have permission to' (negated: 'I must not')
*''-s̱an'': 'I intend to'
*''-xan'': 'I intend to'


====Copula====
====Copula====
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|-
|-
!|our (inc)
!|our (inc)
|''weinys̱''||''uweinys̱''
|''weinyx''||''uweinyx''
|-
|-
!|your (pl)
!|your (pl)
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|-
|-
!|our (inc)
!|our (inc)
|''doiros̱''||''ledoiros̱''
|''doirox''||''ledoirox''
|-
|-
!|your (pl)
!|your (pl)
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|-
|-
!|our (inc)
!|our (inc)
|''ṟiidis̱''||''qeṟiidis̱''
|''ṟiidix''||''qeṟiidix''
|-
|-
!|your (pl)
!|your (pl)
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Sometimes not using applicatives is preferred, sometimes vice versa:
Sometimes not using applicatives is preferred, sometimes vice versa:


:''Idis̱oorin Qaaros̱ṯerim.''
:''Idixoorin Qaaroxṯerim.''
:'I live in Roshteria.' (lit. I inhabit Roshteria)
:'I live in Roshteria.' (lit. I inhabit Roshteria)


:''Is̱oorin di ḡeeliaṉ.''
:''Ixoorin di ḡeeliaṉ.''
:'I live in a city.'
:'I live in a city.'


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For example:  
For example:  


:'''''Ṯimylt impubri pergofaaṟidi nai maaqes̱?'''''
:'''''Ṯimylt impubri pergofaaṟidi nai maaqex?'''''
:''Where is the shelf where I put the spices?'' [lit. that I beput with the spices]
:''Where is the shelf where I put the spices?'' [lit. that I beput with the spices]


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The relative clause is marked by a nominalizing affix ''ped-''.
The relative clause is marked by a nominalizing affix ''ped-''.


:'''''Meiḻicort ḡeeliaṉ pedidis̱oorin.'''''
:'''''Meiḻicort ḡeeliaṉ pedidixoorin.'''''
:me-eiḻi-cort-0 ḡeeliaṉ ped-i-di-s̱oor-in
:me-eiḻi-cort-0 ḡeeliaṉ ped-i-di-xoor-in
:EVID_SUBJ-heart-embrace-3SG.N city NMLZ-EV.DIR-APP.LOC-live-PRES.1SG
:EVID_SUBJ-heart-embrace-3SG.N city NMLZ-EV.DIR-APP.LOC-live-PRES.1SG
:''The city that I live in is cozy.'' (lit. The city that I inhabit embraces the heart.)
:''The city that I live in is cozy.'' (lit. The city that I inhabit embraces the heart.)
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:''Professor Kate Gunzinger proves the Snake Lemma in the film ''It's My Turn'' (1980). I'm skipping the proof, which is less linguistically interesting. [Most Roshterians prefer to use Eevo terms when discussing higher mathematics anyway.]''
:''Professor Kate Gunzinger proves the Snake Lemma in the film ''It's My Turn'' (1980). I'm skipping the proof, which is less linguistically interesting. [Most Roshterians prefer to use Eevo terms when discussing higher mathematics anyway.]''


:'''''Yṟonypinoofer has̱upimyṯrut ''bimróþ'' s, biṉṯylaḡilcama peeṯypryṉifiaqalip, ḻe?'''''
:'''''Yṟonypinoofer haxupimyṯrut ''bimróþ'' s, biṉṯylaḡilcama peeṯypryṉifiaqalip, ḻe?'''''
:Yṟ-ony-pi-noo-fer has̱u-pi-myṯru-t bimróþ s bin-ṯy-laḡ-ilcam-a ḻe
:Yṟ-ony-pi-noo-fer haxu-pi-myṯru-t bimróþ s bin-ṯy-laḡ-ilcam-a ḻe
:DISC_SOFTEN-CAUS.1SG-4-see-2PL.SUBJ.PERF way-4-build-CONST mathematical_function s, DISC_SHOULD_BE_OBVIOUS-PASS-APPL_TELIC-sow-3SG.N NOMZ-PASS-examine-show-at_first-4 TAG
:DISC_SOFTEN-CAUS.1SG-4-see-2PL.SUBJ.PERF way-4-build-CONST mathematical_function s, DISC_SHOULD_BE_OBVIOUS-PASS-APPL_TELIC-sow-3SG.N NOMZ-PASS-examine-show-at_first-4 TAG
:''Let me just show you how to construct the map s, which is the fun of the lemma anyhow, okay?''
:''Let me just show you how to construct the map s, which is the fun of the lemma anyhow, okay?''
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
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