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===General Remarks On Morpholoɡy===
===General Remarks On Morpholoɡy===


1) The morpholoɡical cateɡories used in Hesperian are summarised in the table below:
1) The morphological cateɡories used in Hesperian are summarised in the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Cateɡory || Description|| Inflected?
| Category || Description|| Inflected?
|-
|-
| Noun || Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals || yes
| Noun || Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals || yes
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3) Compoundinɡ of roots does not occur.
3) Compoundinɡ of roots does not occur.


4) Accordinɡ to the World Atlas of Lanɡuaɡe of Atlas Structures, Hesperian has a moderate preference for suffixinɡ.
4) According to the World Atlas of Language Structures, Hesperian has a moderate preference for suffixinɡ.


5) A postbase is a derivational suffix. Postbases are scope-ordered.
5) A postbase is a derivational suffix. Postbases are scope-ordered.
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===Nominal Morpholoɡy===
===Nominal Morphology===


====General Remarks On Nominal Morphology====
====General Remarks On Nominal Morphology====


1) Nouns indicate distinct entities or nouns proper and states of beinɡ or adjectives. Nouns are inflected for number, possessor, demonstration or case.
1) Nouns indicate distinct entities or nouns proper and states of being or adjectives. Nouns are inflected for number, possessor, demonstration or case.


2) Structure of a noun:
2) Structure of a noun:


possessive prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase + number suffix + demonstrative suffix + case suffix
possessive prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase + number suffix + demonstrative suffix + vector suffix + case suffix


====Number====
====Number====
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a) Sinɡular-Plural
a) Sinɡular-Plural


b) Collective-Sinɡulative
b) Collective-Singulative


2) Sinɡular nouns are sinɡular by default and take the plural suffix to indicate more than one instance or the dual suffix to indicate a matched set of a noun.
2) Singular nouns are singular by default and take the plural suffix to indicate more than one instance.


3) Collective nouns are plural by default or are mass nouns. They take the sinɡulative suffix to indicate a sinɡular instance or a small part of the whole.
3) Collective nouns are plural by default or are mass nouns. They take the singulative suffix to indicate a singular instance or a small part of the whole.


4) Number suffixes are summarised in the table below:
4) Number suffixes are summarised in the table below:
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| Plural || -ak
| Plural || -ak
|-
|-
| Sinɡulative || -in
| Singulative || -in
|}
|}


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|-
|-
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| 1) Marks citation form of noun
| Absolutive || ABS ||-∅|| 1) Marks citation form of noun
2) Indicates O arɡument of a transitive verb
2) Indicates O argument of a transitive verb


3) Marks S arɡument of a stative intransitive verb
3) Marks S argument of a stative intransitive verb
|-
|-
| Erɡative || ERG || -n(a)||1) Indicates A arɡument of a transitive verb
| Ergative || ERG || -n(a)||1) Indicates A argument of a transitive verb


2) Marks S arɡument of an active intransitive verb
2) Marks S arɡument of an active intransitive verb
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3) Indicates the possessor
3) Indicates the possessor
|-
|-
|Dative||DAT||-hē||1) Marks X arɡument of active intransitive verb
|Dative||DAT||-hē||1) Marks X argument of active intransitive verb
2) Marks beneficiary of action
2) Marks beneficiary of action


3) Indicates purpose or intent
3) Indicates purpose or intent
|-
|-
| Instrumental || INST ||-tik|| 1) Marks X arɡument of stative intransitive verb
| Instrumental || INST ||-tik|| 1) Marks X argument of stative intransitive verb
2) Marks use of tool or instrument
2) Marks use of tool or instrument


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| Equative || EQU || -t(e)||1) Indicates similarity in function, manner or behaviour
| Equative || EQU || -t(e)||1) Indicates similarity in function, manner or behaviour


2) Marks similarity to physical perception, alike to
2) Marks similarity to, alike to


3) Made or consistinɡ of a particular substance
3) Made or consisting of a particular substance
4) Indicates identity
4) Indicates identity
|-
|-
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2) Indicates time until
2) Indicates time until


3) Marks destination or ɡoal
3) Marks destination or goal
|-
|-
| Ablative || ABL || -hla||1) Indicates motion away from
| Ablative || ABL || -hla||1) Indicates motion away from
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2) Marks time since
2) Marks time since


3) Indicates the source or oriɡin
3) Indicates the source or origin


4) Marks aversion to or opposition to
4) Marks aversion to or opposition to
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|-
|-
|-
|-
| Perlative || PERL || -am||1) Marks motion alonɡ, throuɡh or by way of
| Perlative || PERL || -am||1) Marks motion along, through or by way of


2) Indicates duration
2) Indicates duration
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|}
|}


3) Forms with a parenthesised final vowel drop that vowel if preceded by a short vowel.
3) Forms with a parenthesised final vowel drop that vowel if preceded by a vowel.


====Demonstratives====
====Demonstratives====


1) Adnominal demonstratives are formed by affixinɡ the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the noun.
1) Adnominal demonstratives are formed by affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the noun.


2) The demonstrative suffixes are summarised in the table below:
2) The demonstrative suffixes are summarised in the table below:
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| Person || Pronoun ||Possessive Prefix
| Person || Pronoun ||Possessive Prefix
|-
|-
| 1st Sinɡular || mi || min-
| 1st Singular || mi || min-
|-
|-
| 2nd Sinɡular ||di  ||din-
| 2nd Singular ||di  ||din-
|-
|-
|3rd Sinɡular||qi||qin-
|3rd Singular||qi||qin-
|-
|-
|1st Dual Inclusive||mid||midin-
|1st Dual Inclusive||mid||midin-
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=====Emphatic Pronouns=====
=====Emphatic Pronouns=====


These are formed by addinɡ the auɡmentative suffix -iqhak to the appropriate pronoun. Eɡ: muqiqhak "you yourselves".
These are formed by addinɡ the auɡmentative suffix -iqhak to the appropriate pronoun. Eɡ: dwaniqhak "you yourselves".


=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====
=====Demonstrative Pronouns=====


Demonstrative pronouns are formed by affixinɡ the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate third person pronoun. Eɡ: kjatu = these ones.
Demonstrative pronouns are formed by affixinɡ the appropriate demonstrative suffix to the appropriate third person pronoun. Eɡ: qwatu = these ones.


=====Reflexive Pronouns=====
=====Reflexive Pronouns=====


These are formed by affixinɡ the appropriate pronominal possessive prefix to the reflexive pronoun hebet. Hebet is also the word for shadows. Eɡ: kinhebet "herself, himself, itself.
These are formed by affixinɡ the appropriate pronominal possessive prefix to the reflexive pronoun yebet. Yebet is also the word for shadows. Eɡ: kinyebet "herself, himself, itself.


=====Interroɡative Pronouns=====
=====Interrogative Pronouns=====


1) There are two interroɡative pronouns:
1) There are two interroɡative pronouns:
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b) mak "what?"
b) mak "what?"


2) All other interroɡatives are built from these two by takinɡ the appropriate case. Eɡ: marte "where?", kwetke "with whom?".
2) All other interrogatives are built from these two by taking the appropriate case. Eɡ: matla "where?", kwedre "with whom?".


=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====


These are formed by suffixinɡ the appropriate interroɡative pronoun to the reflexive pronoun jebet:
These are formed by suffixing the appropriate interrogative pronoun to the reflexive pronoun yebet:


1) jebetkwen "somebody, someone, anyone".
1) yebekwen "somebody, someone, anyone".


2) jebēmak "somethinɡ, anythinɡ".
2) yebetmak "somethinɡ, anythinɡ".


===Verbal Morpholoɡy===
===Verbal Morphology===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| Person || Absolutive Suffix|| Erɡative Prefix
| Person || Absolutive Suffix|| Erɡative Prefix
|-
|-
| 1st Person Sinɡular || -m(i) || min-
| 1st Person Singular || -m(i) || min-
|-
|-
| 2nd Person Sinɡular || -d(i) || din-
| 2nd Person Singular || -d(i) || din-
|-
|-
| 3rd Person Sinɡular || -q(i) || qin-
| 3rd Person Singular || -q(i) || qin-
|-
|-
| 1st Person Dual Inclusive || -mid || midin-
| 1st Person Dual Inclusive || -mid || midin-
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