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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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The '''enemy''' is / was / will be alone. | The '''enemy''' is / was / will be alone. | ||
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In transitive sentences without pronouns, the basic word order is SVO, with the subject marked with the ergative clitic /-ja/ e.g. | In transitive sentences without pronouns, the basic word order is SVO, with the subject marked with the ergative clitic /-ja/ e.g. | ||
/ˈkʰwèi̤=jà káiʔk | /ˈkʰwèi̤=jà káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | ||
dog=ERG bite | dog=ERG bite lizard | ||
It was the | It was the dog that bit the lizard. | ||
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However, Kämpya speakers very often topicalise either the subject or the object. The object is topicalised by moving it in front of the subject (i.e. making the sentence OSV) e.g. | However, Kämpya speakers very often topicalise either the subject or the object. The object is topicalised by moving it in front of the subject (i.e. making the sentence OSV) e.g. | ||
/ | /gáʔɾ kʰwèi̤=jà káiʔk/ | ||
lizard dog=ERG bite | |||
The | The lizard was bitten by the dog. | ||
The subject of a transitive sentence is topicalised by deleting the ergative marker e.g. | The subject of a transitive sentence is topicalised by deleting the ergative marker e.g. | ||
/kʰwèi̤ káiʔk | /kʰwèi̤ káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | ||
dog bite | dog bite lizard | ||
The dog bit the | The dog bit the lizard. | ||
The difference between this and /kʰwèi̤ jà káiʔk | The difference between this and /kʰwèi̤ jà káiʔk gáʔɾ/ (i.e. with the case marker), is that, in the sentence with the case marker, the "new information" being presented to the listener is that it was the dog that did the biting. Without the case marker, it is a sentence describing the dog, and the new information is that it bit the lizard. This is analagous to the difference between "ga" and "wa" in Japanese. | ||
Also note that topicalising both the subject and object is ungrammatical i.e. we cannot say */ | Also note that topicalising both the subject and object is ungrammatical i.e. we cannot say */gáʔɾ kʰwèi̤ káiʔk/ or anything like that. | ||
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The tensed pronouns discussed earlier can also be the subject of transitive verbs, with no restrictions other than the time of the action must be made clear (on the pronoun) e.g. | The tensed pronouns discussed earlier can also be the subject of transitive verbs, with no restrictions other than the time of the action must be made clear (on the pronoun) e.g. | ||
/jó=káiʔk | /jó=káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | ||
2PS.PROG.NOM=bite | 2PS.PROG.NOM=bite lizard | ||
You are biting the | You are biting the lizard. | ||
As before, the object can be fronted as a topic e.g. | As before, the object can be fronted as a topic e.g. | ||
/ | /gáʔɾ jó=káiʔk/ | ||
lizard 2PS.PROG.NOM=bite | |||
You are biting the | You are biting the lizard. | ||
However, the subject pronoun still come immediately before the verb, so sentences like */jó | However, the subject pronoun still come immediately before the verb, so sentences like */jó gáʔɾ káiʔk/ are ungrammatical. | ||
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It is perfectly acceptable to delete the subject of a transitive sentence e.g. | It is perfectly acceptable to delete the subject of a transitive sentence e.g. | ||
/káiʔk | /káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | ||
bite lizard | |||
He / She / It / They bit the lizard. | |||
/ | /gáʔɾ káiʔk/ | ||
lizard bite | |||
The | The lizard was bitten. | ||
This carries no ambiguity, because the | This carries no ambiguity, because the word for lizard is always in the absolutive case. | ||
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dog ANTPASS=bite | dog ANTPASS=bite | ||
The dog bit (someone). | The dog bit (someone / something). | ||
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dog ANTPASS=abandon | dog ANTPASS=abandon | ||
The dog abandoned (someone). | The dog abandoned (someone / something). | ||