Togarmite/Old/Gzarot: Difference between revisions

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This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant.
This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant.


This creates some binyan ambiguity: ''nužžā́r'' may be the passive of ''nažā́r'' or the passive of ''nažžḗr''.
This creates some binyan ambiguity: ''nujjā́r'' may be the passive of ''najā́r'' or the passive of ''najjḗr''. Such verbs often would take both paradigms freely.


Examples: ''naφāl'' 'he fell'; ''nažār'' 'he guarded'
Examples: ''naφāl'' 'he fell'; ''najār'' 'he guarded'
===''φaȝāl''===
===''φaȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''nažā́r'' 'he guarded, he watched, he kept'
|+ ''najā́r'' 'he guarded, he watched, he kept'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 1sg
Line 315: Line 315:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nažárθī''
| ''najárθī''
| ''nažárθa''
| ''najárθa''
| ''nažárθe''
| ''najárθe''
| ''nažā́r''  
| ''najā́r''  
| ''nažā́raθ''  
| ''najā́raθ''  
| ''nažárnė''
| ''najárnė''
| ''nažárθum''  
| ''najárθum''  
| ''nažárθin''  
| ''najárθin''  
| ''nažā́rū''  
| ''najā́rū''  
| ''nažárna''
| ''najárna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔanėžṓr''
| ''ʔanėjṓr''
| ''θanėžṓr''
| ''θanėjṓr''
| ''θanėžṓrī''
| ''θanėjṓrī''
| ''yanėžṓr''
| ''yanėjṓr''
| ''yanėžṓrī''
| ''yanėjṓrī''
| ''nanėžṓr''
| ''nanėjṓr''
| ''θanėžṓrū''
| ''θanėjṓrū''
| ''θanėžúrna''
| ''θanėjúrna''
| ''yanėžṓrū''
| ''yanėjṓrū''
| ''yanėžúrna''
| ''yanėjúrna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔažžṓr''
| ''ʔajjṓr''
| ''θažžṓr''
| ''θajjṓr''
| ''θažžṓrī''
| ''θajjṓrī''
| ''yažžṓr''
| ''yajjṓr''
| ''yažžṓrī''
| ''yajjṓrī''
| ''nažžṓr''
| ''najjṓr''
| ''θažžṓrū''
| ''θajjṓrū''
| ''θažžúrna''
| ''θajjúrna''
| ''yažžṓrū''
| ''yajjṓrū''
| ''yažžúrna''
| ''yajjúrna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔažžuránna''
| ''ʔajjuránna''
| ''θažžuránna''
| ''θajjuránna''
| ''θažžurī́nna''
| ''θajjurī́nna''
| ''yažžuránna''
| ''yajjuránna''
| ''yažžurī́nna''
| ''yajjurī́nna''
| ''nažžuránna''
| ''najjuránna''
| ''θažžurū́nna''
| ''θajjurū́nna''
| ''θažžurnánna''
| ''θajjurnánna''
| ''yažžurū́nna''
| ''yajjurū́nna''
| ''yažžurnánna''
| ''yajjurnánna''
|-
|-
! jussive
! jussive
| ''ʔážžur''
| ''ʔájjur''
| ''θážžur''
| ''θájjur''
| ''θážžurī''
| ''θájjurī''
| ''yážžur''
| ''yájjur''
| ''yážžurī''
| ''yájjurī''
| ''nážžur''
| ''nájjur''
| ''θážžurū''
| ''θájjurū''
| ''θážžurna''
| ''θájjurna''
| ''yážžurū''
| ''yájjurū''
| ''yažžurna''
| ''yajjurna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''žōr!''
| ''jōr!''
| ''žṓrī!''
| ''jṓrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''žṓrū!''
| ''jṓrū!''
| ''žúrna!''
| ''júrna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''nėžḗr''
|colspan=10| ''nėjḗr''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''mažžū́r''
|colspan=10| ''najū́r''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nižė́r''
|colspan=10| ''nijė́r''
|}
|}


Revision as of 13:55, 27 December 2019

Gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') in Togarmite are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

  • the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ ħ h) or a semivowel (y w);
  • the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
  • the consonantal root has 2 letters.

1-y

φaȝāl

yabā́s 'he was dry'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past yabásθī yabásθa yabásθe yabā́s yabā́saθ yabásnė yabásθum yabásθin yabā́sū yabásna
present ʔėbḗs θėbḗs θėbḗsī yėbḗs yėbḗsī nėbḗs θėbḗsū θėbísna yėbḗsū yėbísna
future ʔȯbḗs θȯbḗs θȯbḗsī yȯbḗs yȯbḗsī nȯbḗs θȯbḗsū θȯbísna yȯbḗsū yȯbísna
optative ʔȯbisánna θȯbisánna θȯbisínna yȯbisánna yȯbisínna nȯbisánna θȯbisúnna θȯbisnánna yȯbisúnna yȯbisnánna
jussive ʔȯ́bis θȯ́bis θȯ́bisī yȯ́bis yȯ́bisī nȯ́bis θȯ́bisū θȯ́bisna yȯ́bisū yȯ́bisna
imperative - bḗs! bḗsī! - - - bḗsū! bísna! - -
active participle -
passive participle yabū́s
verbal noun yibė́s

1-w

φaȝāl

waθā́r 'he remained'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past waθárθī waθárθa waθárθe waθā́r waθā́raθ waθárnė waθárθum waθárθin waθārū waθárna
present ʔėθḗr θėθḗr θėθḗrī yėθḗr yėθḗrī nėθḗr θėθḗrū θėθírna yėθḗrū yėθírna
future ʔȯθḗr θȯθḗr θȯθḗrī yȯθḗr yȯθḗrī nȯθḗr θȯθḗrū θȯθírna yȯθḗrū yȯθírna
optative ʔȯθiránna θȯθiránna θȯθirínna yȯθiránna yȯθirínna nȯθiránna θȯθirúnna θȯθirnánna yȯθirúnna yȯθirnánna
jussive ʔȯ́θir θȯ́θir θȯ́θirī yȯ́θir yȯ́θirī nȯ́θir θȯ́θirū θȯ́θirna yȯ́θirū yȯ́θirna
imperative - θḗr! θḗrī! - - - θḗrū! θírna! - -
active participle -
passive participle waθū́r
verbal noun wiθė́r

nuφȝāl

nūrā́š 'it was inherited'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past nūrášθī nūrášθa nūrášθe nūrā́š nūrā́šaθ nūrášnė nūrášθum nūrášθin nūrā́šū nūrášna
present ʔuwwėrā́š θuwwėrā́š θuwwėrā́šī yuwwėrā́š yuwwėrā́šī nuwwėrā́š θuwwėrā́šū θuwwėrášna yuwwėrā́šū yuwwėrášna
future ʔuwwarā́š θuwwarā́š θuwwarā́šī yuwwarā́š yuwwarā́šī nuwwarā́š θuwwarā́šū θuwwarášna yuwwarā́šū yuwwarášna
optative ʔuwwarašanna θuwwarašanna θuwwarašínna yuwwarašánna yuwwarašínna nuwwarašanna θuwwarašúnna θuwwarašnánna yuwwarašúnna yuwwarašnánna
jussive ʔúwwaraš θúwwaraš θúwwarašī yúwwaraš yúwwarašī núwwaraš θúwwarašū θúwwarašna yúwwarašū yúwwarašna
imperative - huwwarā́š! huwwarā́šī! - - - huwwarā́šū! huwwarášna! - -
participle muwwarā́š
verbal noun nūrė́š

1-n

This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant.

This creates some binyan ambiguity: nujjā́r may be the passive of najā́r or the passive of najjḗr. Such verbs often would take both paradigms freely.

Examples: naφāl 'he fell'; najār 'he guarded'

φaȝāl

najā́r 'he guarded, he watched, he kept'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past najárθī najárθa najárθe najā́r najā́raθ najárnė najárθum najárθin najā́rū najárna
present ʔanėjṓr θanėjṓr θanėjṓrī yanėjṓr yanėjṓrī nanėjṓr θanėjṓrū θanėjúrna yanėjṓrū yanėjúrna
future ʔajjṓr θajjṓr θajjṓrī yajjṓr yajjṓrī najjṓr θajjṓrū θajjúrna yajjṓrū yajjúrna
optative ʔajjuránna θajjuránna θajjurī́nna yajjuránna yajjurī́nna najjuránna θajjurū́nna θajjurnánna yajjurū́nna yajjurnánna
jussive ʔájjur θájjur θájjurī yájjur yájjurī nájjur θájjurū θájjurna yájjurū yajjurna
imperative - jōr! jṓrī! - - - jṓrū! júrna! - -
active participle nėjḗr
passive participle najū́r
verbal noun nijė́r

nuφȝāl

haφȝēl

huφȝāl

heθφaȝāl

niθφuȝāl

hastaφȝēl

hastuφȝāl

1-ʔ

2-ʔ, 2-h, 2-ȝ and 2-ħ

  • √t-ȝ-m 'to choose'

-ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation

φaȝāl

taȝā́m 'he chose'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past taȝámθī taȝámθa taȝámθe taȝā́m taȝā́maθ taȝámnė taȝámθum taȝámθin taȝā́mū taȝámna
present ʔatėȝā́m θatėȝā́m θatėȝā́mī yatėȝā́m yatėȝā́mī natėȝā́m θatėȝā́mū θatėȝámna yatėȝā́mū yatėȝámna
future ʔatȝā́m θatȝā́m θatȝā́mī yatȝā́m yatȝā́mī natȝā́m θatȝā́mū θatȝámna yatȝā́mū yatȝámna
optative ʔatȝamánna θatȝamánna θatȝamī́nna yatȝamánna yatȝamī́nna natȝamánna θatȝamū́nna θatȝamnánna yatȝamū́nna yatȝamnánna
jussive ʔátȝam θátȝam θátȝamī yátȝam yátȝamī nátȝam θátȝamū θátȝamna yátȝamū yatȝámna
imperative - taȝā́m! taȝā́mī! - - - taȝā́mū! taȝā́mė! - -
active participle tėȝḗm
passive participle matȝū́m
verbal noun tiȝė́m

3-y

These verbs have 3sg.m past -ė from *-aya and -ē without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from *-iyu. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna being used for yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna in some dialects.

φaȝāl

banė́ 'he built'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional banáyθī banáyθa banáyθe banė́ banė́θ banáynė banáyθum banáyθin banė́w banáyna
present ʔabėnḗ tabėnḗ tabėnī́ yabėnḗ yabėnī́ nabėnḗ tabėnū́ tabėnḗna yabėnū́ yabėnḗna
future ʔabnḗ tabnḗ tabnī́ yabnḗ yabnī́ nabnḗ tabnū́ tabnḗna yabnū́ yabnḗna
optative ʔabnénna tabnénna tabnī́nna yabnénna yabnī́nna nabnénna tabnū́nna tabnēnánna yabnū́nna yabnēnánna
jussive ʔábne tábne tábnī yábne yábnī nábne tábnū tábnēna yábnū yábnēna
imperative - bunḗ! bunī́! - - - bunū́! bunḗna! - -
active participle bėnḗ
passive participle banū́y
verbal noun binė́θ

nuφȝāl

nubnė́ 'it was built'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional nubnáyθī nubnáyθa nubnáyθe nubnė́ nubnė́θ nubnáynė nubnáyθum nubnáyθin nubnė́w nubnáyna
present ʔubbėnḗ tubbėnḗ tubbėnī́ yubbėnḗ yubbėnī́ nubbėnḗ tubbėnū́ tubbėnḗna yubbėnū́ yubbėnḗna
future ʔubbanḗ tubbanḗ tubbanī́ yubbanḗ yubbanī́ nubbanḗ tubbanū́ tubbanḗna yubbanū́ yubbanḗna
optative ʔubbanénna tubbanénna tubbanínna yubbanénna yubbanínna nubbanénna tubbanúnna tubbanēnánna yubbanúnna yubbanēnánna
jussive ʔúbbane túbbane túbbanī yúbbane yúbbanī núbbane túbbanū túbbanēna yúbbanū yúbbanēna
imperative - hubbanḗ! hubbanī́! - - - hubbanū́! hubbanḗna! - -
participle mubbanḗ
verbal noun nubnė́θ

φaȝȝēl

dammė́ 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional dammī́θī dammī́θa dammī́θe dammė́ dammė́θ dammī́nė dammī́θum dammī́θin dammū́ dammī́na
present ʔadamėmḗ θadamėmḗ θadamėmī́ yadamėmḗ yadamėmī́ nadamėmḗ θadamėmū́ θadamėmḗna yadamėmū́ yadamėmḗna
future ʔadammḗ θadammḗ θadammī́ yadammḗ yadammī́ nadammḗ θadammū́ θadammḗna yadammū́ yadammḗna
optative ʔadamménna θadamménna θadammínna yadamménna yadammínna nadamménna θadammúnna θadammēnánna yadammúnna yadammēnánna
jussive ʔadámme θadámme θadámmī yadámme yadámmī nadámme θadámmū θadámmēna yadámmū yadámmēna
imperative - dammḗ! dammī́! - - - dammū́! dammḗna! - -
participle mudammḗ
verbal noun dammū́y

fuȝȝāl

dummė́ 'it was likened, it was modeled (after sth)'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional dummayθī dummayθa dummayθe dummė́ dummė́θ dummáynė dummáyθum dummáyθin dummė́w dummáyna
present ʔadumėmḗ θadumėmḗ θadumėmī́ yadumėmḗ yadumėmī́ nadumėmḗ θadumėmū́ θadumėmḗna yadumėmū́ yadumėmḗna
future ʔadummḗ θadummḗ θadummī́ yadummḗ yadummī́ nadummḗ θadummū́ θadummḗna yadummū́ yadummḗna
optative ʔadumménna θadumménna θadummínna yadumménna yadummínna nadumménna θadummúnna θadummēnánna yadummúnna yadummēnánna
jussive ʔadúmme tadúmme tadúmmī yadúmme yadúmmī nadúmme tadúmmū tadúmmēna yadúmmū yadúmmēna
imperative -
participle mudummḗ
verbal noun -

The other binyanim are similarly affected and have different conjugations based on whether the verb is of the form -C2ēC3 or -C2āC3. The part of the verb after C2 is affected by this irregularity.

3-w

These verbs have 3sg.m past -ȯ from *-awa and -ū without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from *-iwu.

φaȝāl

manȯ́ 'he counted'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional manáwθī manáwθa manáwθe manȯ́ manȯ́θ manáwnė manáwθum manáwθin manū́ manáwna
present ʔamėnṓ θamėnṓ θamėnī́ yamėnṓ yamėnī́ namėnṓ θamėnū́ θamėnṓna yamėnū́ yamėnṓna
future ʔamnṓ θamnṓ θamnī́ yamnṓ yamnī́ namnṓ θamnū́ θamnṓna yamnū́ yamnṓna
optative ʔamnónna θamnónna θamnínna yamnónna yamnínna namnónna θamnúnna θamnōnánna yamnúnna yamnōnánna
jussive ʔámnu θámnu θámnī yámnu yámnī námnu θámnū θámnōna yámnū yámnōna
imperative - munṓ! munī! - - - munū́! munṓna! - -
active participle mėnṓ
passive participle manū
verbal noun minėθ

Other binyanim are affected similarly. The part after the C2 is affected.

3-ʔ

3-ȝ and 3-ħ

Hollow

Geminate

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